基于上转换纳米粒子的低损伤神经界面技术

Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technology that combines light control technology with genetic technology, thus allowing the selective activation and inhibition of the electrical activity in specific types of neurons with millisecond time resolution. Over the past several years, optogenetics has become a powerful tool for understanding the organization and functions of neural circuits, and it holds great promise to treat neurological disorders. To date, the excitation wavelengths of commonly employed opsins in optogenetics are located in the visible spectrum. This poses a serious limitation for neural activity regulation because the intense absorption and scattering of visible light by tissues lead to the loss of excitation light energy and also cause tissue heating. To regulate the activity of neurons in deep brain regions, it is necessary to implant optical fibers or optoelectronic devices into target brain areas, which however can induce severe tissue damage. Non- or minimally-invasive remote control technologies that can manipulate neural activity have been highly desirable in neuroscience research. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can emit light with a short wavelength and high frequency upon excitation by light with a long wavelength and low frequency. Therefore, UCNPs can convert low-frequency near-infrared (NIR) light into high-frequency visible light for the activation of light-sensitive proteins, thus indirectly realizing the NIR optogenetic system. Because NIR light has a large tissue penetration depth, UCNP-mediated optogenetics has attracted significant interest for deep-tissue neuromodulation. However, in UCNP-mediated in vivo optogenetic experiments, as the up-conversion efficiency of UCNPs is low, it is generally necessary to apply high-power NIR light to obtain up-converted fluorescence with energy high enough to activate a photosensitive protein. High-power NIR light can cause thermal damage to tissues, which seriously restricts the applications of UCNPs in optogenetic technology. Therefore, the exploration of strategies to increase the up-conversion efficiency, fluorescence intensity, and biocompatibility of UCNPs is of great significance to their wide applications in optogenetic systems. This review summarizes recent developments and challenges in UCNP-mediated optogenetics for deep-brain neuromodulation. We firstly discuss the correspondence between the parameters of UCNPs and employed opsins in optogenetic experiments, which mainly include excitation wavelengths, emission wavelengths, and luminescent lifetimes. Thereafter, we introduce the methods to enhance the conversion efficiency of UCNPs, including optimizing the structure of UCNPs and modifying the organic dyes in UCNPs. In addition, we also discuss the future opportunities in combining UCNP-mediated optogenetics with flexible microelectrode technology for the long-term detection and regulation of neural activity in the case of minimal injury.     

金属硫化物在可充电电池中的研究进展

低成本、长寿命、高安全性、高性能且易于大规模生产的锂/钠离子电池已被证实为重要的二次储能设备。 电极材料对锂/钠电池性能与循环寿命影响极大,金属硫化物由于具有高比容量和低电势而极具潜力成为锂/钠离子电池负极材料。 在电化学循环过程中,由于金属硫化物容易产生穿梭效应和体积变化,从而电极材料结构被破坏,进一步导致电池容量衰退、稳定性降低。 本文总结了多种金属硫化物的微观结构调控策略,从三维空间构建到与其它材料的复合,增强了电极的导电性和减缓体积变化带来的负面影响,进而获得性能优异的金属硫化物负极材料。 通过对金属硫化物的结构与性能的讨论,对其研究前景进行了积极的展望。     

PbTiO3/SrTiO3(010)异质界面上的周期性失配位错及电子富集

It is important to determine the effects of misfit dislocations and other defects on the domain structure, ferroelectricity, conductivity, and other physical properties of ferroelectric thin films to understand their ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviors. Much attention has been given to ferroelectric PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ or PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerfaces, at which improper ferroelectricity, a spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas, and other physical phenomena have been found. However, those heterointerfaces were all (001) planes, and there has been no experimental studies on the growth of (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface due to the 6.4% misfit between two materials. In this study, we selected an atomically flat (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface grown using a two-step hydrothermal method as the research subject, and this is the first experimental report on that interface. Interfacial dislocations can play a significant role in causing dramatic changes in the Curie temperature and polarization distribution near the dislocation cores, especially when the size of a ferroelectric thin film is scaled down to the nanoscale. The results of previous studies on the effects of interfacial dislocations on the physical properties of ferroelectric thin films have been contradictory. Thus, this issue needs to be explored more deeply in the future. This study used aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to study the atomic structure of a (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface and found periodic misfit dislocations with a Burgers vector of a[001]. The extra planes at the dislocation cores could relieve the misfit strain between the two materials in the [001] direction and thus allowed the growth of such an atomically sharp heterointerface. Moreover, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy with an atomic scale spatial resolution and high energy resolution was used to explore the charge distribution near the periodic misfit dislocation cores. The fine structure of the Ti L edge was quantitatively analyzed by linearly fitting the experimental spectra recorded at various locations near and at the misfit dislocation cores with the Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ reference spectra. Therefore, the accurate valence change of Ti could be determined, which corresponded to the charge distribution. The probable existence of an aggregation of electrons was found near the a[001] dislocation cores, and the density of the electrons calculated from the valence change was 0.26 electrons per unit cell. Based on an analysis of the fine structure of the oxygen K edge, it could be argued that the electrons aggregating at the dislocation cores came from the oxygen vacancies in the interior regions of the PbTiO₃. This aggregation of electrons will probably increase the electron conductivity along the dislocation line. The physics of two-dimensional charge distributions at oxide interfaces have been intensively studied, however, little attention had been given to the one-dimensional charge distribution. Therefore, the results of this study can stimulate research interest in exploring the influence of the interfacial dislocations on the physics of ferroelectric heterointerfaces.     

价值引领融入“无机化学与化学分析”的课程思政建设

将课程思政应用到"无机化学和化学分析"教学中,更好发挥其价值引领作用。开展课程思政建设,应做到守正与创新。本文以价值引领为切入点,介绍如何将思想政治教育有机融入课程内容设置和课堂讲授等环节,力求培养学生的家国情怀、国际视野、法治意识、生态意识、工程伦理、人文关怀等科学素养,深入践行立德树人,提高本科教学质量。     

结合PBL的思维导图法在大学化学“四大平衡”教学中的应用

Taking the chemical equilibria including acid-base equilibrium, complexation equilibrium, precipitation equilibrium and redox equilibrium as an example, the application of the mind mapping combined with problem-based learning in university chemistry teaching is introduced.     

Short-focus nematic liquid crystal microlens array with a dielectric layer

ABSTRACT

A short-focus microlens array using dielectric layer and inhomogeneous electric field over a homogeneous nematic liquid crystal (LC) layer is proposed. The top substrate has a planar indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode which is coated on the inner surface. The bottom substrate has strip ITO electrodes which are embedded in the dielectric layers. The inhomogeneous electric field generates a required gradient refractive index profile within the LC layer which, in turn, causes the focusing effect. Due to the thinner LC layer (15 μm), the spherical aberration should be negligible. Moreover, the fabrication process of the proposed microlens array can be easily carried out because of the layer-by-layer configuration. The simulation results show that the focal length of the LC microlens can be continuously tuned from infinity to 0.988 mm with the change of applied voltage.     

Adaptive nematic liquid crystal lens array with resistive layer

ABSTRACT

We propose an adaptive nematic liquid crystal (LC) lens array using a dielectric layer with low dielectric constant as resistive layer. With the resistive layer and periodic-arranged iridium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, the vertical electric field across the LC layer varies linearly over the lens aperture is obtained in the voltage-on state. As a result, a centrosymmetric gradient refractive index profile within the LC layer is generated, which causes the focusing behaviour. As a result of the optimisation, a thin cell gap which greatly reduces the switching time of the LC lens array can be achieved in our design. The main advantages of the proposed LC lens array are in the comparatively low operating voltage, the flat substrate surface, the simple electrodes, and the uniform LC cell gap. The simulation results show that the focal length of the LC lens array can be tuned continuously from infinity to 3.99 mm by changing the applied voltage.     

UV-light irradiation preparation of soybean residue-based hydrogel composite from inorganic/organic hybrids for degradable slow-release N-fertilizer

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Biomass waste, which was the by-product generated along with the production of food, was transformed into high-value constituent in slow-release fertilizers....     

高色纯度高热稳定性红色荧光粉Sr3La2Ge3O12:Sm^3+的合成及其性能

通过高温固相法合成了一系列Sr3La2-xGe3O12:xSm^3+(0≤x≤0.04)红色荧光粉,并对样品的形貌、元素组成、晶体结构、发光性能及热稳定性进行了探究。结果表明:样品Sr3La2Ge3O12:xSm^3+为较宽尺寸分布的颗粒,且结构中仅含有Sr、La、Ge、O、Sm等元素。样品Sr3La1.97Ge3O12:0.03Sm^3+的Rietveld结构精修图与实测XRD图完全吻合,具有六方晶系结构。漫反射测试结果显示基质Sr3La2Ge3O12的带宽为5.54 eV,属于宽带隙材料。在404 nm激发下,样品Sr3La2-xGe3O12:xSm^3+(0≤x≤0.04)的最大发射峰位于601nm处,属于Sm^3+的6H5/2→4L13/2能级跃迁。此外,样品Sr3La1.97Ge3O12:0.03Sm^3+的发光性能最佳,其CIE色坐标为(0.5321,0.4601),色纯度高达94.2%,在298-473 K范围内具有较好的热稳定性,测试温度达到423 K时发射强度仍为室温时的81.6%。     

基于钨(钼)酸铋半导体复合材料的合成及其在光催化降解中的应用

由于全球的工农业的迅速发展,水污染已成为人类所面临的最大危机。基于半导体光催化法是治理水污染的绿色技术之一,能够有效地降解和去除水中的污染物。在众多光催化材料中,金属氧化物半导体由于其具有低毒性、高稳定性和对水溶液中化学腐蚀的较高的抵抗力等优点,而被科学家们广泛地研究和应用。其中,三元组分的金属氧化物因其具有较窄的禁带宽度和可见光响应性质,在光催化降解领域上的能力已经超过其他的金属化合物。本文系统地介绍了两种典型的三元金属氧化物——钨酸铋和钼酸铋,围绕着基于钨酸铋和钼酸铋的复合型催化剂的制备和在光催化降解废水处理领域中的应用以及发展进行了综述,提出了目前关于钨酸铋和钼酸铋的复合材料的设计、机理研究和改性修饰方法中的所存在的主要问题,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。