Single-shot digital holography separating the real and imaginary parts of a signal beam in the rhombic region of the Fourier plane

Optical Review - We propose a new single-shot digital holography that measures the complex amplitude high precisely using a single image sensor. In this technology, a signal beam passes through a...     

Velocity profile measurement by ultrasonic doppler method

The ultrasonic velocity profile measuring method has been developed at PSI for application in fluid mechanics and fluid flow measurement. It uses pulsed ultrasonic echography together with the detection of the instantaneous Doppler shift frequency. This method has the following advantages over the conventional techniques: (1) an efficient flow mapping process, (2) applicability to opaque liquids, and (3) a record of the spatiotemporal velocity field. After a brief introduction of its principle, the characteristics and specifications of the present system are given. Then examples in fluid engineering for oscillating pipe flow, T-branching flow of mercury, and recirculating flow in a square cavity are described that confirm the method's advantages. Several other works under way by other investigators are introduced. A potential for in-depth study of fluid dynamics is demonstrated by several examples from an investigation of modulated wavy flows in a rotating Couette system. The position-averaged power spectrum and the time-averaged energy spectral density were used to study the dynamic characteristics of the flow, and subsequently the velocity field was decomposed into its intrinsic wave structure based on two-dimensional Fourier analysis.     

An incremental theory of large strain and large displacement problems and its finite element formulation

Summary This paper is concerned with the development of an incremental finite'element theory for the large strain and the large displacement problems, referred to the current configuration of the body. Using the convected coordinate system which is embedded in the body, the incremental representations of strain and stress tensors and the energy relations are presented, and then the general procedure to construct the so-called element stiffness matrix in incremental form is considered. The finite element formulation is developed for a typical constitutive relation and it is shown that some correction matrices, some of which have been omitted in the previous works, are to be added to the element stiffness matrix. Finally the method to assemble the equations of the element to the global system is discussed and a simple finite element model satisfying the compatibility condition is presented.The finite element theory developed in this paper is able to be extended to the problems for the general thermodynamical process of a broad class of nonlinear materials.

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Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente wird eineZuwachstheorie zurBehandlung von Problemen mit endlicher Verformung abgeleitet. Dabei wird ein im Körper eingebettetes, der momentanen Form angepaßtes Bezugssystem verwendet. Es werden Ausdrücke für die Energie sowie für die Änderungen der Spannungs- und Verformungs-Tensoren abgeleitet und es wird ein Verfahren zur Konstruktion der Steifigkeitsmatrix für ein Element angegeben. Ein typisches Stoffgesetz wird dabei zugrundegelegt. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß einige in früheren Arbeiten vernachlässigte Korrektur-Matrizen zu der Steifigkeits-Matrix des Elementes hinzugefügt werden müssen. Die Möglichkeiten der Zusammenfassung der für die Elemente geltenden Gleichungen zu einem globalen Gleichungssystem werden diskutiert und es wird ein den Verträglichkeitsbedingungen genügendes Elemente-Modell angegeben.Das angegebene Verfahren kann für allgemeine thermodynamische Prozesse in einer breiten Klasse nichtlinearer Materialien erweitert werden.

     

Regulation of cellular responses to macroporous inorganic films prepared by the inverse-opal method

Regenerative medicine for repairing damaged body tissues has recently become critically important. Cell culture scaffolds are required for the control of cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in in vitro cell cultures. A new strategy to control cell adhesion, morphology, and proliferation was developed by culturing mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells on novel cell culture scaffolds fabricated using ordered nanometer-sized pores (100, 300, 500, and 1000 nm). Results of this study indicate that after 72 h of incubation, the number of cells cultured on a silica film with a pore size of 1000 nm was similar to or slightly lower than that cultured on a non-porous control silica film. Films with 100-500 nm pore sizes, however, resulted in the cell growth inhibition. Morphology of the cultured cells revealed increased elongation and the formation of actin stress fibers was virtually absent on macroporous silica films with 100-500 nm pore size. Vinculin molecules expressed in cells cultured on the non-porous silica films showed many clear focal adhesions, whereas focal contacts were insufficiently formed in cells cultured on macroporous films. The influence of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and alumina scaffolds on the behavior of MC3T3-E1 cells was also evaluated. The proliferation rate of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on HAp films with 1000 nm pore size was increased to approximately 20% above than that obtained of cells cultured on non-porous HAp films. These results demonstrate that the pore size and constituents of films play a role in controlling the morphology and proliferation rate of MC3T3-E1 cells.     

Aerobic reduction of olefins by in situ generation of diimide with synthetic flavin catalysts

A versatile reducing agent, diimide, can be generated efficiently by the aerobic oxidation of hydrazine with neutral and cationic synthetic flavin catalysts 1 and 2. This technique provides a convenient and safe method for the aerobic reduction of olefins, which proceeds with 1 equiv of hydrazine under an atmosphere of O(2) or air. The synthetic advantage over the conventional gas-based method has been illustrated through high hydrazine efficiency, easy and safe handling, and characteristic chemoselectivity. Vitamin B(2) derivative 6 acts as a highly practical, robust catalyst for this purpose because of its high availability and recyclability. Association complexes of 1b with dendritic 2,5-bis(acylamino)pyridine 15 exhibit unprecedented catalytic activities, with the reduction of aromatic and hydroxy olefins proceeding significantly faster when a higher-generation dendrimer is used as a host pair for the association catalysts. Contrasting retardation is observed upon similar treatment of non-aromatic or non-hydroxy olefins with the dendrimer catalysts. Control experiments and kinetic studies revealed that these catalytic reactions include two independent, anaerobic and aerobic, processes for the generation of diimide from hydrazine. Positive and negative dendrimer effects on the catalytic reactions have been ascribed to the specific inclusion of hydrazine and olefinic substrates into the enzyme-like reaction cavities of the association complex catalysts.     

High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for determination of nobiletin content in the brain and serum of mice administrated the natural compound

We recently demonstrated that nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid, exhibits anti-dementia action in animals. However, no determination methods for the content of nobiletin with beneficial action in the brain of nobiletin-administered animals have been developed, nor has its pharmacokinetics been revealed completely. Here, we established the high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection method for nobiletin determination using Bond Elut C18 SPE cartridges for extraction, where the calibration curve was linear over 0.025-10 ng, with coefficient of variation of less than 6.76%. This method enabled us to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of nobiletin given intraperitoneally or per os in the brain of mice.     

Fibrin glue increases the cell survival and the transduced gene product secretion of the ceiling culture-derived adipocytes transplanted in mice

The development of clinically applicable scaffolds is important for the application of cell transplantation in various human diseases. The aims of this study are to evaluate fibrin glue in a novel protein replacement therapy using proliferative adipocytes and to develop a mouse model system to monitor the delivery of the transgene product into the blood and the fate of the transduced cells after transplantation. Proliferative adipocytes from mouse adipose tissue were transduced by a retroviral vector harboring the human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (lcat) gene, and were subcutaneously transplanted into mice combined with fibrin glue. The lcat gene transduction efficiency and the subsequent secretion of the product in mouse adipocytes were enhanced using a protamine concentration of 500 μg/ml. Adipogenesis induction did not significantly affect the lcat gene-transduced cell survival after transplantation. Immunohistochemistry showed the ectopic enzyme production to persist for 28 days in the subcutaneously transplanted gene- transduced adipocytes. The increased viability of transplanted cells with fibrin glue was accompanied with the decrease in apoptotic cell death. The immunodetectable serum LCAT levels in mice implanted with the fibrin glue were comparable with those observed in mice implanted with Matrigel, indicating that the transplanted lcat gene-transduced adipocytes survived and functioned in the transplanted spaces with fibrin glue as well as with Matrigel for 28 days. Thus, this in vivo system using fibrin is expected to serve as a good model to further improve the transplanted cell/scaffold conditions for the stable and durable cell-based replacement of defective proteins in patients with LCAT deficiency.     

Surfactant-free synthesis of palladium nanoclusters for their use in catalytic cross-coupling reactions

Surfactant-free Pd nanoclusters (Pd NCs) (size: 1-1.5 nm) showed high catalytic activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and Mizoroki-Heck reactions. The Pd NCs had a high turnover number, up to 6.0 × 10(8), which can be recycled at least five times without loss of catalytic activity.     

Uniqueness of almost periodic-in-time solutions to Navier�CStokes equations in unbounded domains

We present a uniqueness theorem for almost periodic-in-time solutions to the Navier?CStokes equations in 3-dimensional unbounded domains. Thus far, uniqueness of almost periodic-in-time solutions to the Navier?CStokes equations in unbounded domain, roughly speaking, is known only for a small almost periodic-in-time solution in ${BC(\mathbb {R};L^{3}_w)}$ within the class of solutions that have sufficiently small ${L^{\infty}(L^{3}_w)}$ -norm. In this paper, we show that a small almost periodic-in-time solution in ${BC(\mathbb {R};L^{3}_w\cap L^{6,2})}$ is unique within the class of all almost periodic-in-time solutions in ${BC(\mathbb {R};L^{3}_w\cap L^{6,2})}$ . The proof of the present uniqueness theorem is based on the method of dual equations.     

On p-class groups of relative cyclic p-extensions

Archiv der Mathematik - We prove a general stability theorem for p-class groups of number fields along relative cyclic extensions of degree $$p^2$$ , which is a generalization of a finite-extension...