理、化、生不同专业大学生关于能量概念的认识现状研究

能量概念是科学教育的一个核心概念,也是近年来国际科学教育研究的一个热点话题。在柳秀峰、Wilson等人的研究基础上,构建了能量概念的认识模型。基于该模型,并结合国内物理、化学和生物等不同专业的中学、大学教材中涉及的能量相关概念,笔者编制了调查问卷,对北京师范大学物理、化学和生物等不同专业的共280名大学生进行了测查和访谈。通过Rasch模型和SPSS统计分析发现,不同学科背景的学生对能量概念的认识角度和水平存在差异,而且存在一些偏差认识。基于学生的认识现状,笔者最后构建了关于能量概念认识的难度进阶,并对能量概念的教学提出了建议。     

Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Ce,H3PW12O40 co-doped TiO2 Hollow Fibers

A series of Ce, H3PW12O40 co-doped TiO2 hollow fibers photocatalysts have been prepared by sol-gel method using ammonium ceric nitrate, H3PW12O40 and tetrabutyltitanate as precursors and cotton fibers as template, followed by calcination at 500 ℃ in N2 atmosphere for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption mea- surements, and UV-Vis spectroscopy are employed to characterize the morphology, crystal structure, surface structure, and optical absorption properties of the samples. The photo- catalytic performance of the samples has been studied by photodegradation phenol in water under UV and visible light irradiation. The results show that the TiO2 fiber materials have hollow structures, and the co-doped TiO2 hollow fibers exhibit higher photocatalytic activities for the degradation of phenol than un-doped, single-doped TiO2 hollow fibers under UV and visible light. In addition, the recyclability of co-doped TiO2 fibers is also confirmed that the TiO2 fiber retains ca. 90% of its activity after being used four times. It is shown that the co-doped TiO2 fibers can be activated by visible light and may be potentially applied to the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants. The synergistic effect of Ce and H3PW12O40 co-doping plays an important role in improving the photocatalytic activity.     

Geographic Characterization of Leccinum rugosiceps by Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectral Fusion

Leccinum rugosiceps is an edible mushroom belonging to genus Leccinum of Boletaceae. Its fruiting bodies are richer in nutrients than many vegetables and fruit. The model of support vector machine was established for the discrimination of L. rugosiceps from regions based on rapid and low-cost ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopies. The mid-level data fusion was performed by support vector machine. Compared to a single spectroscopic technique, mid-level data fusion provided higher accuracy by selecting the most significant variance from data matrixes based on partial least squares discriminant analysis. The accuracy of the classification of samples in the calibration and test sets were 85.00 and 94.74%, higher than separate measurements by ultraviolet or infrared spectroscopy. This approach has applications for authentication and quality assessment of L. rugosiceps.     

Characterization of a Stable Adaptive Calibration Model Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares with a Kalman Filter

The calibration model of near-infrared (NIR) spectra established using the Kalman filter-partial least square (partial least squares combined with a Kalman filter) method can be adapted to outdated equipment, environmental changes, external samples, and other applications. However, the variance of the measurement noise estimation for NIR spectrum measurements cannot be easily obtained using Kalman filter-partial least squares; therefore, the variance in the measurement noise is often assumed to be zero for the Kalman filter-partial least square calibration model, which affects the stability of the model. In this study, the measured input and output data were used effectively, and the gamma test method for estimating the measurement noise variance was used to improve the stability of the Kalman filter-partial least square calibration model. First, an accurate estimation of the measurement noise variance was obtained, and accurate modeling was then performed using Kalman filter-partial least squares. Finally, 600 abandoned drilling fluid samples were used to confirm the validity of the proposed method. The Kalman filter-partial least square and gamma test-Kalman filter-partial least square methods are compared. Testing of external samples 401–600 demonstrated that the stability of the Kalman filter-partial least square model decreased. The root mean square error of the prediction of the Kalman filter-partial least square model was 27.135, which was worse than that of the gamma test-Kalman filter-partial least square model (20.307). The validation results show that the proposed method has better stability in tracking the evolution of the NIR spectrometer’s measurement state.     

高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法测定水产品及饲料中的孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物

提出了高效液相色谱-四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱法测定水产及饲料中的孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物(隐色孔雀石绿、隐色结晶紫)的方法。样品经乙腈提取,Agilent XDB C18色谱柱分离,四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱进行检测。以氘代孔雀石绿、氘代隐色孔雀石绿、氘代结晶紫、氘代隐色结晶紫为内标物。4种化合物的线性范围均为0.05~5.0μg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)均为0.5μg·kg-1。以空白样品为基体做加标回收试验,计算得4种化合物的回收率在93.3%~120%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.4%~18%之间。另外,还采用数据相关采集模式结合增强离子扫描模式对4种化合物进行定性分析,可对试样中4种化合物在定量同时进行定性确证。     

Metal‐Organic Gels Based on Carboxyl‐Functionalized Benzimidazole and Their Stimuli Responsivenesses

Three multi‐responsiveness supramolecular metal‐organic gels (MOGs) have been prepared upon Ba(OAc)₂, CdSO₄·8H₂O and Pb(NO₃)₂ with a simple ligand (G17) based on a carboxyl‐functionalized benzimidazole derivative in alcoholic‐water solutions. The MOGs display the formation of well‐developed nanofibrillar networks composed of intertwined fibers which provide stability to gels structures through coordination, hydrogen bonding and π‐ π interactions characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), the fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. MOG‐1 shows good stimuli responsiveness toward the changes in K₂CrO₄, both MOG‐2 and MOG‐3 do good job toward the changes in Na₂S. Moreover, because these MOGs were formed easily by gelator with some heavy metal ion, such as Cd(II) and Pb(II), it might provide the basis for heavy metal ion capture and removal.     

Effects of Oil on Aqueous Foams: Electrical Conductivity of Foamed Emulsions

Three‐phase foams containing dispersed oils (also called foamed emulsion) are usually encountered in such areas as enhanced oil recovery, food foams, and in foams containing antifoams. The presence of oil causes these complex fluids to exhibit extraordinary properties in contrast to aqueous foams. We experimentally investigated, for the first time, the conductive properties of the foamed emulsions and found that the electrical conductivity increases monotonically with the volumetric liquid fraction, presenting a linear relationship. Combined with the analysis on the foaming capacity and microstructure of this complex fluid, the conductive mechanism is revealed. In these foamed emulsions, the whole conductive network is comprised of two levels of structural hierarchy, which displays a different mechanism from those of the conventional aqueous foams. The lamella of emulsions is taken as primary electrical channel, whereas the secondary electrical channel occurs in the lamella between two bubbles. This conductive behaviour is attributed to the microstructure properties of the foamed emulsions. We believe that such findings are potentially important for a better understanding of the fundamentals of these tri‐phase dispersion systems.     

石墨烯层数测量方法的研究进展

石墨烯具有高导电性、高韧度、高强度、超大比表面积等特点,在电子、航天工业、新能源、新材料等领域有广泛应用。对石墨烯层数测量方法的研究有助于深入理解石墨烯性能与微观结构之间的关系。本文着重阐述了包括光学显微镜、拉曼光谱、原子力显微镜和透射电镜等测量石墨烯层数的方法,同时比较了各种测量方法的优点及局限性,并指出石墨烯层数的测量方法还有待进一步完善。     

Morphological and dimensional control via assembly of polyaniline crystals

A facile and general route to a new generation of polyaniline(PANI)-citric acid(CA) crystals such as 2D nanoplates, 2D nanosheets and 3D microrods self-assembled by the π-π stacking interaction is reported. Dramatic, 3D rectangular shaped microrods and 2D nanosheets are single crystals indicated by SAED patterns and HRTEM images. Moreover, the method does not depend on any specific equipment or heating, cooling and complex procedures. The novel polyaniline crystals will be useful for next generation organic electronics such as nano-transistors.     

薄膜表面等离子体光催化剂Ag@AgBr/CNT/Ni的制备和性能

用复合电沉积技术制备了Ag@AgBr/CNT/Ni表面等离子体薄膜催化剂,以扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman Spectra)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对薄膜的表面形貌、晶体结构、化学组成和光谱特性进行了表征,在可见光照射下,用罗丹明B(RhB)作为模拟污染物对薄膜的光催化性质和稳定性进行测定,采用测定薄膜电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和向反应系统中加入活性物种捕获剂的方法对薄膜光催化机制进行探索。结果表明:最优工艺下制备的Ag@AgBr/CNT/Ni薄膜是由少量碳纳米管(CNT)和表面沉积纳米Ag粒子的AgBr晶体构成的复合薄膜。薄膜具有突出的表面等离子体共振效应、优异的光催化活性和良好的催化稳定性。光催化罗丹明B 20 min,Ag@AgBr/CNT/Ni薄膜的降解率是Ag@AgBr/Ni薄膜的1.32倍,是P25 TiO_2/ITO多孔薄膜的21.6倍。在保持光催化性能基本不变的前提下可循环使用5次。CNT的存在使薄膜电荷传导性能和光催化还原溶解氧的性能大幅增加,是所制薄膜相对于Ag@AgBr/Ni薄膜光催化性能提高的主要原因。提出了薄膜光催化罗丹明B的反应机理。