High-Performance Green Thick-Film Ternary Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Crystallinity Regulation

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has reached high values of over 19%. However, most of the high-efficiency OSCs are fabricated by spin-coating with toxic solvents and the optimal photoactive layer thickness is limited to 100 nm, limiting practical development of OSCs. It is a great challenge to obtain ideal morphology for high-efficiency thick-film OSCs when using non-halogenated solvents due to the unfavorable film formation kinetics. Herein, high-efficiency ternary thick-film (300 nm) OSCs with PCE of 15.4% based on PM6:BTR-Cl:CH1007 are fabricated by hot slot-die coating using non-halogenated solvent (o-xylene) in the air. Compared to PM6:BTR-Cl:Y6 blends, the stronger pre-aggregation of CH1007 in solution induces the earlier aggregation of CH1007 molecules and longer aggregation time, and thus results in high and balanced crystallinity of donors and acceptor in CH1007-based ternary film, which led to high-carrier mobility and suppressed charge recombination. The ternary strategy is further used to fabricate high-efficiency, thick-film, large-area, and flexible devices processed from non-halogenated solvents, paving the way for industrial development of OSCs.     

Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene as Versatile Cathode Buffer Layer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

2D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, possessing facile preparation, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and solution processability, shows good application potential for enhancing device performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). In this study, tetrabutylammonium bromide functionalized Ti₃C₂T_x (TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x) is developed as cathode buffer layer (CBL) to regulate the PCBM/Ag cathode interfacial property for the first time. By virtue of the charge transfer from TBAB to Ti₃C₂T_x demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x CBL with high electrical conductivity exhibits significantly reduced work function of 3.9 eV, which enables optimization of energy level alignment and enhancement of charge extraction. Moreover, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x CBL can effectively inhibit the migration of iodine ions from perovskite layer to Ag cathode, which synergistically suppresses defect states and reduce charge recombination. Consequently, utilizing MAPbI₃ perovskite without post-treatment, the TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x based device exhibits a dramatically improved power conversion efficiency of 21.65% with significantly improved operational stability, which is one of the best efficiencies reported for the devices based on MAPbI₃/PCBM with different CBLs. These results indicate that TBAB-Ti₃C₂T_x shall be a promising CBL for high-performance inverted PVSCs and inspire the further applications of quaternary ammonium functionalized MXenes in PVSCs.     

Highly Conductive MXene/PEDOT:PSS-Integrated Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Bioinspired Somatosensory Soft Actuators

Sophisticated sensing and actuation capabilities of many living organisms in nature have inspired scientists to develop biomimetic somatosensory soft robots. Herein, the design and fabrication of homogeneous and highly conductive hydrogels for bioinspired somatosensory soft actuators are reported. The conductive hydrogels are synthesized by in situ copolymerization of conductive surface-functionalized MXene/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) ink with thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels. The resulting hydrogels are found to exhibit high conductivity (11.76 S m⁻¹), strain sensitivity (GF of 9.93), broad working strain range (≈560% strain), and high stability after over 300 loading–unloading cycles at 100% strain. Importantly, shape-programmable somatosensory hydrogel actuators with rapid response, light-driven remote control, and self-sensing capability are developed by chemically integrating the conductive hydrogels with a structurally colored polymer. As the proof-of-concept illustration, structurally colored hydrogel actuators are applied for devising light-driven programmable shape-morphing of an artificial octopus, an artificial fish, and a soft gripper that can simultaneously monitor their own motions via real-time resistance variation. This work is expected to offer new insights into the design of advanced somatosensory materials with self-sensing and actuation capabilities, and pave an avenue for the development of soft-matter-based self-regulatory intelligence via built-in feedback control that is of paramount significance for intelligent soft robotics and automated machines.     

Solid Solvation Assisted Electrical Doping Conserves High-Performance in 500 nm Active Layer Organic Solar Cells

Organic solar cells (OSCs) process fascinating solution-printing capability to achieve low-cost and large-scale manufacture. However, the rapid power conversion efficiency (PCE) decay with active layer thickness enlargement inhibits the implement of OSCs’ potential advantages. To overcome the bottlenecks of PCE decay in thick active layer OSCs, the electrical doping with componential selectivity in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film is achieved by introducing a solid solvation additive. Benefiting from the higher exciton splitting efficiency together with the longer drift (L_dr) and diffusion (L_diff) lengths, an OSC with 100 nm BHJ film demonstrates a PCE increment from 16.44% to 18.24% with prolonged dark and illuminated storage stabilities. Applying the solid solvation assisted (SSA) doping method in the OSCs with 500 nm active layer, the PCE significantly increases by 31.9%, from the original value of 11.79% to 15.55%. It further improves to 15.84% in a ternary blend thick-film device, which is the record value to the best of our knowledge. Besides, the SSA doping narrows the PCE gap between the 0.04 and 1 cm² devices. All improvements demonstrate the great potential of SSA doping for OSC commercial manufacture, since it optimizes the photovoltaic performance under all practical conditions of long-term, thick-film, and large-area.     

基于40 nm CMOS工艺的高效率功率放大器设计

针对硅基毫米波功率放大器存在的饱和输出功率较低、增益不足和效率不高的问题,基于TSMC 40nm CMOS工艺,设计了一款工作在28GHz的高效率和高增益连续F类功率放大器。提出的功率放大器由驱动级和功率级组成。针对功率级设计了一款基于变压器的谐波控制网络来实现功率合成和谐波控制,有效地提高了功率放大器的饱和输出功率和功率附加效率。采用PMOS管电容抵消功率级的栅源电容,进一步提高线性度和增益。电路后仿真结果表明,设计的功率放大器在饱和输出功率为20.5dBm处的峰值功率附加效率54%,1dB压缩点为19dBm,功率增益为27dB,在24GHz~32GHz频率处的功率附加效率大于40%。     

基于富铟团簇量子结构的双波长可调谐半导体激光器

本研究提出了一种采用增益芯片和光栅外腔的双波长可调谐半导体激光器。增益芯片采用了富铟团簇量子限制结构作为其量子限制结构,由于该结构独特的平顶增益特性,可以使激光器在双波长调谐范围内实现光强稳定。本研究中的谐振腔包括内部谐振腔和外部谐振腔,其中内部谐振腔由增益芯片的两个自然解理面构成,以支撑整个系统工作在特定波长。外部谐振腔由增益芯片的一个自然解理面和光栅构成,可实现969.1~977.9 nm的工作波长范围。最终该系统基于单个增益芯片和单个光栅实现了同步双波长输出,双波长的频率差在THz范围。本研究有望为实现双波长差频太赫兹源提供一种可能的解决方案。     

多芯片组件带网孔接地板多导体互连线结构的电磁特性分析

本文给出一基于准静态场的直线法,来分析多芯片组件（ＭＣＭ）带有网孔接地板的多层多导体互连线结构的分析方法,以此提取等效传输线的特性参数。最后给出几个实例的计算结果。     

Photoinduced reactions of chloranil with 1,1-diarylethenes and product photochemistry-intramolecular

Photoinduced reactions of chloranil (CA) with 1,1-diarylethenes 1 [(p-X-Ph)(2)C=CH(2), X = F, Cl, H, Me] in benzene afforded products 4-14, respectively, with the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene-2,5-diones 4, the 6-diarylethenylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diones 5, and 2,3,5, 6-tetrachlorohydroquinone 13 as the major primary products. The cyclobutane products 4 are formed via a triplet diradical intermediate without involvement of single electron transfer (SET) between the two reactants, while 5 is derived from a reaction sequence with initial SET interaction between (3)CA and the alkene. The 9-arylphenanthrene-1,4-diones 6 and its 10-hydroxy-derivatives 7 are secondary photochemical products derived from 5. The isomeric cage products 9-11 are formed from 4 via intramolecular benzene-alkene [2 + 2] (ortho-)photocycloadditions induced by the triplet excited enedione moiety. The relative amount of the two groups of products (4 and its secondary products 9-11 via non-SET route vs 5 and its secondary products 6, 7, 8, 12, and 14 via SET route) shows a rather regular change, with the ratio of non-SET route products gradually increasing with the increase in oxidation potential of the alkenes and in the positive free energy change for electron transfer (DeltaG(ET)) between (3)CA and the alkene, at the expense of the ratio of the products from the SET route. The competition between the SET and non-SET routes was also found to be drastically influenced by solvent polarity, with the SET pathways more favored in polar solvent. Photo-CIDNP investigations suggest the intermediacy of exciplexes or contact ion radical pairs in these reactions in benzene, while in acetonitrile, SET process led to the formation of CA(*)(-) and cation radical of the alkene in the form of solvent separated ion radical pairs and free ions.