全自动电脑横机控制系统的设计

介绍了一种全自动电脑横机控制系统的新型分层体系设计.在该体系中,花型准备系统是基于Windows的开放式编程系统,通过编译自动生成编织指令数据文件,提供了独有的可扩充布纹库.下位NC硬件控制系统无需操作系统支持,便可完成对整个编织过程的实时监控,故障诊断,修改编织参数及测试执行部件等功能.新型的分层体系实现了上、下位机的功能独立,并保持了良好的人机交互界面和便捷的操作性,真正实现了全自动和智能化设计.     

MPOF切割机温度控制系统的设计

微结构聚合物光纤(MPOF)是一种新型的聚合物光纤,其主要特征是在包层中有形状、大小、排列不同的空气孔.因为材料的特性,聚合物光纤的切割以及端面处理要比石英光纤复杂得多,尤其对于具有微结构的聚合物光纤更是如此.影响光纤切割质量的因素很多,其中切割时切割机的温度是决定光纤切割质量的关键.因此,设计了一种以单片机作为核心部件的切割机温度精确控制系统.该系统工作稳定,性能可靠,能够满足实验需要.     

Channel identifiability under orthogonal space-time coded modulations without training

Space-time block coded (STBC) transmission has been established as an efficient tool to enhance communication performance over wireless fading channels. The success of STBC decoding relies on accurate channel knowledge at receivers. In this work, we present a channel estimation approach that does not require training data to estimate unknown channels. Focusing on STBC from orthogonal designs, we present channel identification conditions that are largely verifiable in terms of the code and the antenna array configuration. We also develop a simple subspace-based algorithm to identify the unknown space-time channel matrix for complex transmission. Finally, we present simulation test results to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.     

基于P89C669微控制器的MODBUS协议转换器设计与实现

基于P89C669微控制器和计算机数据通信技术,设计了MODBUS协议转换器,实现了MODBUS网络的主控设备与RTU(远程终端单元)之间的数据转换,并在电力系统220 kV主变风冷控制中用于变电所站内自动化监控计算机系统的MODBUS网络和PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)的数据通信,使站内自动化监控系统可根据主变油温、负荷电流等运行参数对风冷机组和油泵进行实时调控。     

冲击激励式压电俘能器的接口电路设计

设计了一种自供能同步非对称电压翻转及电荷提取电路(SP-SAFCE),其在压电俘能器电压正峰值完全翻转,在负峰值将能量完全提取,结合了并联同步开关电感电路和同步电荷提取电路的特点。相比于传统的压电接口电路,SP-SAFCE具有自供能的峰值检测模块和开关、无整流桥、无需阻抗匹配等优势。在拨动频率和磁铁间距离变化条件下进行对比实验,实验表明,在相同冲击激励下,SP-SAFCE电路的工作电压比同步电荷提取电路低0.8 V,输出功率约为同步电荷提取电路的1.15倍,适合作为冲击激励式压电俘能器的接口电路。     

Ligand-promoted palladium-catalyzed β-methylene C–H arylation of primary aldehydes

The transient directing group (TDG) strategy allowed long awaited access to the direct β-C(sp³)–H functionalization of unmasked aliphatic aldehydes via palladium catalysis. However, the current techniques are restricted to terminal methyl functionalization, limiting their structural scopes and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a direct Pd-catalyzed methylene β-C–H arylation of linear unmasked aldehydes by using 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid as a TDG and 2-pyridone as an external ligand. Density functional theory calculations provided insights into the reaction mechanism and shed light on the roles of the external and transient directing ligands in the catalytic transformation.

Aliphatic aldehydes are among the most common structural units in organic and medicinal chemistry research. Direct C–H functionalization has enabled efficient and site-selective derivatization of aliphatic aldehydes.

Simple aliphatic functional groups enrich the skeletal backbones of many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial materials, influencing the utility and applications of these substances and dictating their reactivity and synthetic modification pathways. Aliphatic aldehydes are some of the most ubiquitous structural units in organic materials.¹ Their relevance in nature and industry alike, combined with their reactivity and synthetic versatility, attracted much attention from the synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry communities over the years (Fig. 1).² Efficient means to the functionalization of these molecules have always been highly sought after.Open in a separate windowFig. 1Select aliphatic aldehyde-containing medicines and biologically active molecules.Traditionally, scientists have utilized the high reactivity of the aldehyde moiety in derivatizing a variety of functional groups by the means of red-ox and nucleophilic addition reactions. The resourceful moiety was also notoriously used to install functional groups at the α-position via condensation and substitution pathways.³ Although β-functionalization is just as robust, it has generally been more restrictive as it often requires the use of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.^4,5 Hence, transition metal catalysis emerged as a powerful tool to access β-functionalization in saturated aldehydes.⁶ Most original examples of metal-catalyzed β-C–H functionalization of aliphatic aldehydes required the masking of aldehydes into better metal coordinating units since free unmasked aldehydes could not form stable intermediates with metals like palladium on their own.⁷ Although the masking of the aldehyde moiety into an oxime, for example, enabled the formation of stable 5-membered palladacycles, affording β-functionalized products, this system requires the installation of the directing group prior to the functionalization, as well as the subsequent unmasking upon the reaction completion, compromising the step economy and atom efficiency of the overall process.⁸ Besides, some masking and unmasking protocols might not be compatible with select substrates, especially ones rich in functional groups. As a result, the development of a one-step direct approach to the β-C–H functionalization of free aliphatic aldehydes was a demanding target for synthetic chemists.α-Amino acids have been demonstrated as effective transient directing groups (TDGs) in the remote functionalization of o-alkyl benzaldehydes and aliphatic ketones by the Yu group in 2016.⁹ Shortly after, our group disclosed the first report on the direct β-C–H arylation of aliphatic aldehydes using 3-aminopropanoic acid or 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid as a TDG.¹⁰ The TDG was found to play a similar role to that of the oxime directing group by binding to the substrate via reversible imine formation, upon which, it assists in the assembly of a stable palladacycle, effectively functionalizing the β-position.¹¹ Since the binding of the TDG is reversible and temporary, it is automatically removed upon functionalization, yielding an efficient and step-economic transformation. This work was succeeded by many other reports that expanded the reaction and the TDG scopes.^12–14 However, this system suffers from a significant restriction that demanded resolution; only substitution of methyl C–H bonds of linear aldehydes was made possible via this approach (Scheme 1a–e). The steric limitations caused by incorporating additional groups at the β-carbon proved to compromise the formation of the palladacycle intermediate, rendering the subsequent functionalization a difficult task.¹²Open in a separate windowScheme 1Pd-catalyzed β-C–H bond functionalization of aliphatic aldehydes enabled by transient directing groups.Encouraged by the recent surge in use of 2-pyridone ligands to stabilize palladacycle intermediates,^15,16 we have successfully developed the first example of TDG-enabled Pd-catalyzed methylene β-C–H arylation in primary aldehydes via the assistance of 2-pyridones as external ligands (Scheme 1f). The incorporation of 2-pyridones proved to lower the activation energy of the C–H bond cleavage, promoting the formation of the intermediate palladacycles even in the presence of relatively bulky β-substituents.¹⁷ This key advancement significantly broadens the structural scopes and applications of this process and promises future asymmetric possibilities, perhaps via the use of a chiral TDG or external ligand or both. Notably, a closely related work from Yu''s group was published at almost the same time.¹⁸We commenced our investigation of the reaction parameters by employing n-pentanal (1a) as an unbiased linear aldehyde and 4-iodoanisole (2a) in the presence of catalytic Pd(OAc)₂ and stoichiometric AgTFA, alongside 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid (TDG1) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-nitropyridin-2-ol (L1) at 100 °C (ii) sources proved Pd(OAc)₂ to be the optimal catalyst, while Pd(TFA)₂, PdCl₂ and PdBr₂ provided only moderate yields (entries 10–12). Notably, a significantly lower yield was observed in the absence of the 2-pyridone ligand, and no desired product was isolated altogether in the absence of the TDG (entries 13 and 14). The incorporation of 15 mol% Pd catalyst was deemed necessary after only 55% yield of 3a was obtained when 10 mol% loading of Pd(OAc)₂ was instead used (entry 15).Optimization of reaction conditions^a

Entry	Pd source	L (mol%)	TDG1 (mol%)	Solvent (v/v, mL)	Yield (%)
1	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (40)	HFIP	30
2	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (40)	AcOH	<5
3	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (40)	HFIP/AcOH (1 : 1)	28
4	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (40)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	47
5	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (40)	HFIP/AcOH (1 : 9)	<5
6	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	50
7	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (30)	TDG1 (80)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	25
8	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (60)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	70(68)b
9	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (75)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	51
10	Pd(TFA)2	L1 (60)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	60
11	PdCl2	L1 (60)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	52
12	PdBr2	L1 (60)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	54
13	Pd(OAc)2	—	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	9
14	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (60)	—	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	0
15c	Pd(OAc)2	L1 (60)	TDG1 (60)	HFIP/AcOH (9 : 1)	55

Open in a separate window^aReaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.4 mmol), Pd source (15 mol%), AgTFA (0.3 mmol), L1, TDG1, solvent (2.0 mL), 100 °C, 12 h. Yields are based on 1a, determined by ¹H-NMR using dibromomethane as an internal standard.^bIsolated yield.^cPd(OAc)₂ (10 mol%).To advance our optimization of the reaction conditions, a variety of 2-pyridones and TDGs were tested (Scheme 2). Originally, pyridine-2(1H)-one (L2) was examined as the external ligand, but it only yielded the product (3a) in 7% NMR yield. Similarly, other mono- and di-substituted 2-pyridone ligands (L3–L10) also produced low yields, fixating L1 as the optimal external ligand. Next, various α- and β-amino acids (TDG1–10) were evaluated, yet TDG1 persisted as the optimal transient directing group. These amino acid screening results also suggest that a [5,6]-bicyclic palladium species is likely the key intermediate in this protocol since only β-amino acids were found to provide appreciable yields, whereas α-amino acids failed to yield more than trace amounts of the product. The supremacy of TDG1 when compared to other β-amino acids is presumably due to the Thorpe–Ingold effect that perhaps helps facilitate the C–H bond cleavage and stabilize the [5,6]-bicyclic intermediate further.Open in a separate windowScheme 2Optimization of 2-pyridone ligands and transient directing groups.With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, substrate scope study of primary aliphatic aldehydes was subsequently carried out (Scheme 3). A variety of linear primary aliphatic aldehydes bearing different chain lengths provided the corresponding products 3a–e in good yields. Notably, relatively sterically hindered methylene C–H bonds were also functionalized effectively (3f and 3g). Additionally, 4-phenylbutanal gave rise to the desired product 3h in a highly site-selective manner, suggesting that functionalization of the methylene β-C–H bond is predominantly favored over the more labile benzylic C–H bond. It is noteworthy that the amide group was also well-tolerated and the desired product 3j was isolated in 60% yield. As expected, with n-propanal as the substrate, β-mono- (3k1) and β,β-disubstituted products (3k2) were isolated in 22% and 21% yields respectively. However, in the absence of the key external 2-pyridone ligand, β-monosubstituted product (3k1) was obtained exclusively, albeit with a low yield, indicating preference for functionalizing the β-C(sp³)–H bond of the methyl group over the benzylic methylene group.Open in a separate windowScheme 3Scope of primary aliphatic aldehydes. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.4 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (15 mol%), AgTFA (0.3 mmol), L1 (60 mol%), TDG1 (60 mol%), HFIP (1.8 mL), HOAc (0.2 mL), 100 °C, 12 h. Isolated yields. ^aL1 (60 mol%) was absent and yields are given in parentheses.Next, substrate scope study on aryl iodides was surveyed (Scheme 4). Iodobenzenes bearing either an electron-donating or electron-withdrawing group at the para-, meta-, or ortho-position were all found compatible with our catalytic system (3l–3ah). Surprisingly, ortho-methyl- and fluoro-substituted aryl iodides afforded the products in only trace amounts. However, aryl iodide with ortho-methoxy group provided the desired product 3ac in a moderate yield. Notably, a distinctive electronic effect pattern was not observed in the process. It should be mentioned that arylated products bearing halogen, ester, and cyano groups could be readily converted to other molecules, which significantly improves the synthetic applicability of the process. Delightfully, aryl iodide-containing natural products like ketoprofen, fenchol and menthol were proven compatible, supplying the corresponding products in moderate yields. Unfortunately, (hetero)aryl iodides including 2-iodopyridine, 3-iodopyridine, 4-iodopyridine and 4-iodo-2-chloropyridine failed to produce the corresponding products. Although our protocol provides a novel and direct pathway to construct β-arylated primary aliphatic aldehydes, the yields of most examples are modest. The leading reasons for this compromise are the following: (1) aliphatic aldehydes are easily decomposed or oxidized to acids; (2) some of the prepared β-arylated aldehyde products may be further transformed into the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.Open in a separate windowScheme 4Scope of aryl iodides. Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.4 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (15 mol%), AgTFA (0.3 mmol), L1 (60 mol%), TDG1 (60 mol%), HFIP (1.8 mL), HOAc (0.2 mL), 100 °C, 12 h. Isolated yields.Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to help investigate the reaction mechanism and to elucidate the role of the ligand in improving the reactivity (Fig. 2). The condensation of the aliphatic aldehyde 1a with the TDG to form imine-1a was found thermodynamically neutral (ΔG° = −0.1 kcal mol⁻¹). As a result, it was permissible to use imine-1a directly in the calculations. According to the calculations results, the precatalyst [Pd(OAc)₂]₃, a trimeric complex, initially experiences dissociation and ligand metathesis with imine-1a to generate the Pd(ii) intermediate IM1, which is thermodynamically favorable by 21.9 kcal mol⁻¹. Consequently, the deprotonated imine-1a couples to the bidentate ligand to form the stable six-membered chelate complex IM1. Therefore, IM1 is indeed the catalyst resting state and serves as the zero point to the energy profile. We have identified two competitive pathways for the Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H activation starting from IM1, one of which incorporates L1 and another which does not. On the one hand, an acetate ligand substitutes one imine-1a chelator in IM1 to facilitate the subsequent C–H activation leading to IM2, which undergoes C(sp³)–H activation through concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) viaTS1 (ΔG^‡ = 37.4 kcal mol⁻¹). However, this kinetic barrier is thought to be too high to account for the catalytic activity at 100 °C. On the other hand, the chelate imine-1a could be replaced by two N-coordinated ligands (L1) leading to the Pd(ii) complex IM3. This process is endergonic by 6.4 kcal mol⁻¹. To allow the ensuing C–H activation, IM3 dissociates one ligand (L1) producing the active species IM4, which undergoes TS2 to cleave the β-C(sp³)–H bond and form the [5,6]-bicyclic Pd(ii) intermediate IM5. Although this step features an energy barrier of 31.2 kcal mol⁻¹, it is thought to be feasible under the experimental conditions (100 °C). Possessing similar coordination ability to that of pyridine, the ligand (L1) effectively stabilizes the Pd(ii) center in the C–H activation process, indicating that this step most likely involves a manageable kinetic barrier. This result explicates the origin of the ligand-enabled reactivity (TS2vs.TS1). Additionally, we considered the γ-C(sp³)–H activation pathway viaTS2′ which was found to have a barrier of 35.5 kcal mol⁻¹. The higher energy barrier of TS2′ compared to that of TS2 is attributed to its larger ring strain in the [6,6]-bicyclic Pd(ii) transition state, which reveals the motive for the site-selectivity. Reverting back to the supposed pathway, upon the formation of the bicyclic intermediate IM5, it undergoes ligand/substrate replacement to afford intermediate IM6, at which the Ar–I coordinates to the Pd(ii) center to enable oxidative addition viaTS3 (ΔG^‡ = 27.4 kcal mol⁻¹) leading to the five-coordinate Pd(iv) complex IM7. Undergoing direct C–C reductive elimination in IM7 would entail a barrier of 29.6 kcal mol⁻¹ (TS4). Alternatively, iodine abstraction by the silver(i) salt in IM7 is thermodynamically favorable and irreversible, yielding the Pd(iv) intermediate IM8 coordinated to a TFA ligand. Subsequently, C–C reductive coupling viaTS5 generates the Pd(ii) complex IM9 and concludes the arylation process. This step was found both kinetically facile (6.1 kcal mol⁻¹) and thermodynamically favorable (30.7 kcal mol⁻¹). Finally, IM9 reacts with imine-1avia metathesis to regenerate the palladium catalyst IM1 and release imine-3a in a highly exergonic step (21.0 kcal mol⁻¹). Ultimately, imine-3a undergoes hydrolysis to yield the aldehyde product 3a and to release the TDG.Open in a separate windowFig. 2Free energy profiles for the ligand-promoted Pd(ii)-catalyzed site-selective C–H activation and C–C bond formation, alongside the optimized structures of the C–H activation transition states TS1 and TS2 (selected bond distances are labelled in Å). Energies are relative to the complex IM1 and are mass-balanced.     

基于小波能量距的雷达距离像特征提取

基于小波分析的方法,采用雷达目标一维距离像回波在不同频带的能量距特征,以此特征为基础,利用径向基概率神经网络对4类目标进行识别,并与传统的子带能量特征方法进行对比,仿真实验结果表明：对雷达目标距离像进行特征提取时,能量距特征更好地利用了小波分析的时频信息,所得特征向量类间类内距离比大于能量特征,目标的可分性更好,识别率得到了提高,因而能量距特征优于能量特征。     

毫米波辐射图像目标定位技术研究

针对毫米波辐射图像中目标定位的问题,提出了一种基于区域标记的毫米波辐射图像金属目标定位算法.该算法通过分析金属的毫米波辐射特性以及毫米波辐射图像的特点,利用区域标记算法对图像中金属目标进行分割,并引入基于面积的虚假目标去除准则,采用计算重心的方法实现了金属目标的定位.实验表明,该算法既能对图像中单个金属目标又能对图像中多个金属目标实现准确定位,且不论目标的外形如何,都能得到其精确的中心坐标,为下一步目标的选择与跟踪提供了依据.     

双模压缩真空态在Tavis-Cummings模型中量子态保真度

考虑了原子的偶极相互作用,通过计算Tavis-Cummings模型下压缩真空态的保真度,阐明了在双模压缩真空态与环境(原子)通过双光子发生相互作用过程中量子信息的保真程度随时间的演化关。通过计算机模拟出两原子处于各种初态下时原子、光场和系统的保真度随时间的演化图象,分析出三者在压缩指数r、偶极相互作用常数ga和相位(?)等改变时的变化情况,结果表明r和k值的改变对于提高保真度具有重要意义。当两原子处于基态时减小r和当两原子处于一Bell基时增大都可以显著的提高体系的保真度。     

一种衬底波纹注入的宽频带高PSR无片外电容LDO

基于40 nm CMOS工艺,设计了一种具有高频高电源抑制(PSR)的无片外电容 低压差线性稳压器(LDO)电路。电路采用1.1 V电源供电,LDO输出电压稳定在0.9 V。仿真结果表明,传统无片外电容LDO电路的PSR将会在环路的单位增益 频率(UGF)处上升到一个尖峰,之后才经输出节点处的电容到地的通路开始降低,最高时PSR甚至大于0 dB。采用新型的衬底波纹注入技术的LDO能很好地抑制PSR的尖峰,可以做到全频段都在-20 dB以上,相比传统结构,尖峰处的PSR提高了20 dB以上。该LDO适用于需要低电压供电的射频电路。