全文获取类型
收费全文 | 145274篇 |
免费 | 1544篇 |
国内免费 | 487篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 68463篇 |
晶体学 | 2035篇 |
力学 | 4955篇 |
综合类 | 5篇 |
数学 | 12103篇 |
物理学 | 39240篇 |
无线电 | 20504篇 |
出版年
2016年 | 1395篇 |
2015年 | 1061篇 |
2014年 | 1475篇 |
2013年 | 5060篇 |
2012年 | 3595篇 |
2011年 | 4596篇 |
2010年 | 3007篇 |
2009年 | 3014篇 |
2008年 | 4558篇 |
2007年 | 4841篇 |
2006年 | 4831篇 |
2005年 | 4764篇 |
2004年 | 4246篇 |
2003年 | 3860篇 |
2002年 | 3786篇 |
2001年 | 4335篇 |
2000年 | 3442篇 |
1999年 | 2862篇 |
1998年 | 2584篇 |
1997年 | 2561篇 |
1996年 | 2462篇 |
1995年 | 2409篇 |
1994年 | 2223篇 |
1993年 | 2223篇 |
1992年 | 2438篇 |
1991年 | 2409篇 |
1990年 | 2295篇 |
1989年 | 2261篇 |
1988年 | 2188篇 |
1987年 | 1948篇 |
1986年 | 1823篇 |
1985年 | 2397篇 |
1984年 | 2496篇 |
1983年 | 2120篇 |
1982年 | 2414篇 |
1981年 | 2199篇 |
1980年 | 2254篇 |
1979年 | 2227篇 |
1978年 | 2338篇 |
1977年 | 2253篇 |
1976年 | 2277篇 |
1975年 | 2204篇 |
1974年 | 2039篇 |
1973年 | 2291篇 |
1972年 | 1409篇 |
1971年 | 1094篇 |
1970年 | 1030篇 |
1969年 | 987篇 |
1968年 | 1138篇 |
1967年 | 1176篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 27 毫秒
51.
We demonstrate multi-emitter Si/GexSi1-x n-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's) which require no base contact for transistor operation. The base current is supplied by the additional emitter contact under reverse bias due to the heavy doping of the emitter-base junction. Large-area HBT test structures exhibit good transistor characteristics, with current gain β≈400 regardless of whether the base current is supplied by a test base electrode or one of the emitter contacts. These devices have enhanced logic functionality because of emitter contact symmetry. Since device fabrication does not require base electrode formation, the number of processing steps can be reduced without significant penalty to HBT performance 相似文献
52.
Superconducting control for surge currents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Systems designed to use superconductors to limit fault currents in power grids are undergoing testing. The authors describe superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCL) which may be categorised into resistive or shielded core types. The features and operation of each type of device are outlined. Both the shielded-core and resistive types of SCFCL use the same amount of superconductor material to achieve a given limitation behavior. This is because the rated power per volume of conductor is determined by the product of fault-induced field and critical current, which is the same for both devices, assuming the same type of superconducting material is employed. The shielded-core limiter works only with AC currents and is much larger and heavier than the resistive SCFCL. While there is only one large program left in the low-temperature type of SCFCL, more than 10 major projects are under way worldwide on the high-temperature type of device. The main reason is the lower HTS cooling cost 相似文献
53.
Electromagnetic fields in homogeneous source-free regions can be decomposed into fields that are TE and TM with respect to a particular reference direction (e.g., the z direction). If transverse sources exist, both TE and TM fields may be excited simultaneously. This paper considers the case of two infinite regions having a common planar interface and prescribed sources (surface currents) on the interface. The source currents are decomposed in a manner consistent with the decomposition of the fields. Accordingly, a procedure is established for describing the boundary conditions at the interface in terms of the longitudinal field components Ez, Hz and the surface currents J¯s. The development is unique in that the continuity of the transverse field components at the boundary are not explicitly considered but interpreted in terms of z-directed fields. This boundary condition approach is shown to give results consistent with those obtained by matching the tangential fields at the interface using vector transforms. A simple example illustrating the procedure using a ring of current in free-space is presented 相似文献
54.
Kang W.P. Wisitsora-at A. Davidson J.L. Kerns D.V. 《Electron Device Letters, IEEE》1998,19(10):379-381
A boron-doped diamond field emitter diode with ultralow turn-on voltage and high emission current is reported. The diamond field emitter diode structure with a built-in cap was fabricated using molds and electrostatic bonding techniques. The emission current versus anode voltage of the capped diamond emitter diode with boron doping, sp2 content, and vacuum thermal electric (VTE) treatment shows a very low turn-on voltage of 2 V. A high emission current of 1 μA at an anode voltage of less than 10 V can be obtained from a single diamond tip. The turn-on voltage is significantly lower than comparable silicon field emitters 相似文献
55.
To determine the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of a live embryo is a technically challenging task. The authors show that reconstructions of live embryos can be done by collecting images from different viewing angles using a robotic macroscope, establishing point correspondences between these views by block matching, and using a new 3-D reconstruction algorithm that accommodates camera positioning errors. The algorithm assumes that the images are orthographic projections of the object and that the camera scaling factors are known. Point positions and camera errors are found simultaneously. Reconstructions of test objects and embryos show that meaningful reconstructions are possible only when camera positioning and alignment errors are accommodated since these errors can be substantial. Reconstructions of early-stage axolotl embryos were made from sets of 33 images. In a typical reconstruction, 781 points, each visible in at least three different views, were used to form 1511 triangles to represent the embryo surface. The resulting reconstruction had a mean radius of error of 0.27 pixels (1.1 μm). Mathematical properties of the reconstruction algorithm are identified and discussed 相似文献
56.
This paper presents a novel matrix unit cell scheduler (MUCS) for input-buffered asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches. The MUCS concept originates from a heuristic strategy that leads to an optimal solution for cell scheduling. Numerical analysis indicates that input-buffered ATM switches scheduled by MUCS can utilize nearly 100% of the available link bandwidth. A transistor-level MUCS circuit has been designed and verified using HSPICE. The circuit features a regular structure, minimal interconnects, and a low transistor count. HSPICE simulation indicates that using 2-μm CMOS technology, the MUCS circuit can operate at clock frequency of 100 MHz 相似文献
57.
This paper studies a particular single-stage power-factor-correction (PFC) switching regulator employing a discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM) boost-input cell and a continuous-current-mode (CCM) forward output cell. Although this single-stage PFC regulator can provide a reasonably high power factor when its PFC stage is operating in discontinuous mode, substantial reduction in line-current harmonics is possible by applying a suitable frequency-modulation scheme. This paper derives a frequency-modulation scheme and proposes a practical implementation using a simple translinear analog circuit. A quantitative analysis on the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current when the circuit is subject to a limited range of frequency variations is presented along with some considerations for practical design. Experimental data obtained from a prototype confirms the effectiveness of the proposed frequency-modulation scheme. The proposed analog translinear circuit allows custom integrated circuit implementation, making it a viable low-cost solution to the elimination of line-current harmonics in switching regulators 相似文献
58.
Hulfachor R.B. Ellis-Monaghan J.J. Kim K.W. Littlejohn M.A. 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》1996,43(4):661-663
A comprehensive Monte Carlo simulator is employed to investigate nonlocal carrier transport in 0.1 μm n-MOSFET's under low-voltage stress. Specifically, the role of electron-electron (e-e) interactions on hot electron injection is explored for two emerging device designs biased at a drain voltage Vd considerably less than the Si/SiO2 injection barrier height φb. Simulation of both devices reveal that 1) although qVd<φb, carriers can obtain energies greater than φb, and 2) the peak for electron injection is displaced approximately 20 nm beyond the peak in the parallel channel electric field. These phenomena constitute a spatial retardation of carrier heating that is strongly influenced by e-e interactions near the drain edge. (Virtually no injection is observed in our simulations when e-e scattering is not considered.) Simulations also show that an aggressive design based on larger dopant atoms, steeper doping gradients, and a self-aligned junction counter-doping process produces a higher peak in the channel electric field, a hotter carrier energy distribution, and a greater total electron injection rate into the oxide when compared to a more conventionally-doped design. The impact of spatially retarded carrier heating on hot-electron-induced device degradation is further examined by coupling an interface state distribution obtained from Monte Carlo simulations with a drift-diffusion simulator. Because of retarded carrier heating, the interface states are mainly generated further over the drain region where interface charge produces minimal degradation. Thus, surprisingly, both 0.1 μm n-MOSFET designs exhibit comparable drain current degradation rates 相似文献
59.
M. S. Han S. R. Hahn H. C. Kwon Y. Bin T. W. Kang J. H. Leem Y. B. Hou H. C. Jeon J. K. Hyun Y. T. Jeoung H. K. Kim J. M. Kim T. W. Kim 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1998,27(6):680-683
Double-crystal x-ray rocking curve (DCRC) and secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements have been performed to investigate the effect of rapid thermal annealing on the interdiffusion behavior of Hg in HgTe/CdTe superlattices grown on Cd0.96Zn0.04Te (211)B substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The sharp satellite peaks of the DCRC measurements on a 100-period HgTe/CdTe (100Å/100Å) superlattice show a periodic arrangement of the superlattice with high-quality interfaces. The negative direction of the entropy change obtained from the diffusion coefficients as a function of the reciprocal of the temperature after RTA indicates that the Hg diffusion for the annealed HgTe/CdTe superlattice is caused by an interstitial mechanism. The Cd and the Hg concentration profiles near the annealed HgTe/CdTe superlattice interfaces, as measured by SIMS, show a nonlinear behavior for Hg, originating from the interstitial diffusion mechanism of the Hg composition. These results indicate that a nonlinear interdiffusion behavior is dominant for HgTe/CdTe superlattices annealed at 190°C and that the rectangular shape of HgTe/CdTe superlattices may change to a parabolic shape because of the intermixing of Hg and Cd due to the thermal treatment. 相似文献
60.
A. J. Kalkman H. P. M. Pellemans T. O. Klaassen W. Th. Wenckebach 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》1996,17(3):569-577
The low temperature lifetime of electrons excited in the 2p?1 donor level of n-GaAs has been studied in a far-infrared pump-probe experiment. The measurement has been carried out using a pulsed far-infrared molecular gas laser working at a wavelength of 292µm, with the sample in a magnetic field of 5.1 T, resonant with the 1so?2p?1 transition. Two FIR pulses are sliced from one FIR-laser pulse by means of optical switching techniques using two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. The first pulse is used to saturate the transition, while the second pulse probes the return of the population in the excited state towards thermal equilibrium as a function of the time delay after the excitation pulse. The value of 350±50 ns found for the lifetime falls in line with CW saturation results on materials with other doping concentrations. 相似文献