The efficacy of electrical brain stimulation in combatting neurodegenerative diseases and initiating function is expected to be significantly enhanced with the development of smaller scale microstimulation electrodes and refined stimulation protocols. These benefits cannot be realized without a thorough understanding of scaling effects on electrochemical charge injection characteristics. This study fabricates and characterizes the electrochemical stimulation capabilities of Au, Pt, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS/Au), and PEDOT:PSS/Pt electrode arrays in the 20–2000 µm diameter range. This study observes substantial enhancement in charge injection capacity up to 9.5× for PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes compared to metal ones, and 88% lower required power for injecting the same charge density. These significant benefits are strongest for electrode diameters below 200 µm. Detailed quantitative analyses are provided, enabling optimization of charge injection capacity with potential bias and symmetric and asymmetric pulse width engineering for all diameters. These systematic analyses inform the optimal design for acute and potentially chronic implants in regards to safety and clinically effective stimulation protocols, ensure the longevity of the electrodes below critical electrochemical limits of stimulation, and demonstrate that the material choice and pulse design can lead to more energy efficiency stimulation protocols that are of critical importance for fully implanted devices. 相似文献
Nowadays, information and communication technology grows rapidly. The microelectronics and communication mediums also enhance their reachability of coverage and connectivity. 5G enhances the capacity of the network in terms of lowest communication latency, highest speed, enhanced throughput, minimum E2E delay, and minimizing the packet loss. In this paper, we discuss the working principle and key features of 5G communication technology along with the limitations of existing technologies. Further, we provide the taxonomy of the 5G network. Moreover, we provide a comparison of 5G and 4G LTE in terms of data privacy and security aspects. Further, we propose a four-layer architecture for ehealthcare system, which uses 5G NR (New Radio) architecture incorporating the control plane and user plane. We perform the simulation over the frequency range1 and frequency range2 and calculated the throughput and latency for distinct values of OFDM numerologies. Further, we provide a comparative analysis for 4G and 5G and deduce that 5G facilitates 10 times lower latency than 4G, and 5G can accommodate a much higher number of devices than 4G. In this work, we discuss providing better healthcare facilities electronically using 5G NR. Moreover, the data sharing and diagnosing the disease become faster and easier by using 5G NR.
An efficient synthetic method has been developed for the facile synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles in organized aqueous media in the presence of a surfactant (viz. DBSA) as catalyst and I2 as co-catalyst. The method described has the advantages of operational simplicity, excellent yields, high chemoselectivity, and clean and green reaction profile. 相似文献
Although β-galactosidases are physiologically a very important enzyme and have may therapeutics applications, very little is known about
the stability and the folding aspects of the enzyme. We have used β-galactosidase from Pisum sativum (PsBGAL) as model system to investigate stability, folding, and function relationship of β-galactosidases. PsBGAL is a vacuolar protein which has a tendency to multimerize at acidic pH with protein concentration ≥100 μg mL−1 and dissociates into its subunits above neutral pH. It exhibits maximum activity as well as stability under acidic conditions.
Further, it has different conformational orientations and core secondary structures at different pH. Substantial predominance
of β-content and interfacial interactions through Trp residues play crucial role in pH-dependent multimerization of enzyme. Equilibrium
unfolding of PsBGAL at acidic pH follows four-state model when monitored by changes in the secondary structure with two intermediates: one
resembling to molten globule-like state while unfolding seen from activity and tertiary structure of PsBGAL fits to two-state model. Unfolding of PsBGAL at higher pH always follows two-state model. Furthermore, unfolding of PsBGAL reveals that it has at least two domains: α/β barrel containing catalytic site and the other is rich in β-content responsible for enzyme multimerization. 相似文献
Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) nanosphere encapsulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were successfully synthesized using double emulsion (w/o/w) solvent evaporation technique. Characterization of the nanosphere using dynamic light scattering, field emission scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed a spherical-shaped nanosphere in a size range of 812?±?64 nm with moderate protein encapsulation efficiency of 55.42?±?3.7 % and high in vitro protein release. Human skin HaCat cells were used for analyzing antioxidative properties of SOD- and CAT-encapsulated PCL nanospheres. Oxidative stress condition in HaCat cells was optimized with exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 1 mM) as external stress factor and verified through reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis using H2DCFDA dye. PCL nanosphere encapsulating SOD and CAT together indicated better antioxidative defense against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human skin HaCat cells in comparison to PCL encapsulating either SOD or CAT alone as well as against direct supplement of SOD and CAT protein solution. Increase in HaCat cells SOD and CAT activities after treatment hints toward uptake of PCL nanosphere into the human skin HaCat cells. The result signifies the role of PCL-encapsulating SOD and CAT nanosphere in alleviating oxidative stress. 相似文献
Procerain B is a novel cysteine protease isolated from Calotropis procera by our group and published recently. We have further characterized the enzyme by N-terminal sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting.
Procerain B showed maximum sequence similarity (80%) with Asclepain. Moreover, the characteristic VDWR motif of cysteine proteases
is present in procerain B. The N-terminal and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis showed a distinct nature of the enzyme.
Various applications of the enzyme were also evaluated. Procerain B is very effective in milk-clotting and may be a potential
candidate for this process in the cheese industry. Additionally, the enzyme has potential application as dietary supplement
to aid digestion. Effects of various metal ions on milk-clotting activity were also studied. The milk-clotting activity was
increased in case of few metals while others have a negative effect. It is worth mentioning that the easy availability of
plant material and simple purification method makes industrial production of the enzyme feasible. A protease with easy purification
and suitable properties for application is always desired. 相似文献