Analysis and design of low power SRAM cell using independent gate FinFET

Scaling of bulk MOSFET faces great challenges in nanoscale integration technology by producing short channel effect which leads to increased leakage. FinFET has become the most promising substitute to bulk CMOS technology because of reducing short channel effect. Dual-gate FinFET can be designed either by shorting gates on either side for better performance or both gates can be controlled independently to reduce the leakage and hence power consumption. A six transistor SRAM cell based on independent-gate FinFET technology is described in this paper for simultaneously reducing the active and standby mode power consumption. A work is focused on the independent gate FinFET technology as this mode provides less power consumption, less area consumption and low delay as compared to other modes. Leakage current and power consumption in independent gate FinFET is compared with tied gate or shorted gate FinFET SRAM cell. Moreover, delay has been estimated in presented SRAM cells. Further, leakage reduction technique is applied to independent gate FinFET 6T SRAM cell.     

Phase evolution studies of sol�Cgel derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowder using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We report here the formation of single phase lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanopowder with composition Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ and average crystallite size 12?C20?nm, synthesized by sol?Cgel process. The phase evolution of PZT gel powder, heat treated at temperatures 550, 650 and 800°C was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). The high resolution XPS spectra of Pb4f, Zr3d, Ti2p and O1s show that PZT with pure perovskite structure is obtained at 800°C while at lower temperatures pyrochlore phase co-exists with perovskite phase. The XRD results also support this analysis. We have also identified the pyrochlore phase using XPS by analyzing the corresponding variations in the FWHM values, peak positions and the separation between the spin doublets of Pb, Zr and Ti associated with it. The composition of the final powder obtained with pure perovskite structure is calculated and is close to the designed value.     

Gas-sensing properties of Fe2−xTixO3+γ (x = 0–1.4)

As part of a systematic study of mechanisms of response of semiconducting oxides as trace gas sensors, we have explored the behaviour of iron–titanium oxide solid solutions Fe_2−xTi_xO₃ (x = 0.1–1.4). The materials were single-phase for x = 0.1 with increasing proportions of a pseudobrookite second phase at higher degree of substitution. Unmodified, pure iron oxide does not show sensitivity to CO. A significant signal was developed for x = 0.1, that then diminished with increasing x and was lost for x = 1.4. Three effects have been deduced important for the gas response: significant surface segregation of Ti at low Ti content; grain growth inhibition and agglomeration into more massive, non-porous lumps as Ti content increased; and the appearance of a band-gap state associated with Fe(II) at higher Ti content. The effects of microstructure change have been analyzed by fitting the data to a simple 2-resistor model of gas-insensitive ‘grains’ in series with gas-sensitive ‘grain boundaries’. A Mars–van Krevelen type model for the response is presented, based on reactions at surface-segregated defect clusters, to develop and remove electrically-active surface trap states.     

Selective Reduction in 2′-Hydroxychalcones

The selective reduction of double bond in 2′-hydroxy-chalcones with sodium dithionite under phase transfer catalysed conditions is described.     

QbD‐oriented development and validation of a bioanalytical method for nevirapine with enhanced liquid–liquid extraction and chromatographic separation

The present studies describe the systematic quality by design (QbD)‐oriented development and validation of a simple, rapid, sensitive and cost‐effective reversed‐phase HPLC bioanalytical method for nevirapine in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C₁₈ column using isocratic 68:9:23% v/v elution of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3, adjusted by orthophosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using UV detection at 230 nm. A Box–Behnken design was applied for chromatographic method optimization taking mobile phase ratio, pH and flow rate as the critical method parameters (CMPs) from screening studies. Peak area, retention time, theoretical plates and peak tailing were measured as the critical analytical attributes (CAAs). Further, the bioanalytical liquid–liquid extraction process was optimized using an optimal design by selecting extraction time, centrifugation speed and temperature as the CMPs for percentage recovery of nevirapine as the CAA. The search for an optimum chromatographic solution was conducted through numerical desirability function. Validation studies performed as per the US Food and Drug Administration requirements revealed results within the acceptance limit. In a nutshell, the studies successfully demonstrate the utility of analytical QbD approach for the rational development of a bioanalytical method with enhanced chromatographic separation and recovery of nevirapine in rat plasma. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solid-state graphene-based supercapacitor with high-density energy storage using ionic liquid gel electrolyte: electrochemical properties and performance in storing solar electricity

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - The electrochemical properties and high-density energy storage performance of graphene nano-platelet-based solid-state electrical double-layer...     

Orientational control of liquid crystal molecules via carbon nanotubes and dichroic dye in polymer dispersed liquid crystal

Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) using nematic liquid crystal and photo-curable polymer (NOA 65) were prepared by polymerisation-induced phase separation technique, in equal ratio (1:1) of polymer and liquid crystal (LC). We demonstrate that doping of small amount (0.125%, wt./wt.) of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and orange azo dichroic dye in PDLC generously controlled the molecular orientation, dynamics of LC in droplet and size of droplets. The effects of multiwall CNTs and dye on PDLCs were studied in terms of transition temperature, droplet morphology, transmittance characteristic, contrast ratio and response time. The results exhibited that the values of the threshold electric fields were reduced from 8 V/µm (pure PDLC) to 1.18 and 1.72 V/µm, doped with multiwall CNTs and dye, respectively. The CNTs-doped PDLC shows faster switching response as compared with pure PDLC and dye-doped PDLC. However, dye-doped PDLC shows much higher contrast among all PDLC samples. Further, the results also illustrate that the birefringence value of LC in PDLCs was changed with doping of CNTs and dye.     

On familial longitudinal Poisson mixed models with gamma random effects

Poisson mixed models are used to analyze a wide variety of cluster count data. These models are commonly developed based on the assumption that the random effects have either the log-normal or the gamma distribution. Obtaining consistent as well as efficient estimates for the parameters involved in such Poisson mixed models has, however, proven to be difficult. Further problem gets mounted when the data are collected repeatedly from the individuals of the same cluster or family. In this paper, we introduce a generalized quasilikelihood approach to analyze the repeated familial data based on the familial structure caused by gamma random effects. This approach provides estimates of the regression parameters and the variance component of the random effects after taking the longitudinal correlations of the data into account. The estimators are consistent as well as highly efficient.     

Results on vanishing coefficients in infinite q-series expansions for certain arithmetic progressions mod 7

The Ramanujan Journal - Recently, Mc Laughlin proved some results on vanishing coefficients in the series expansions of certain infinite q-products for arithmetic progressions modulo 5, modulo 7...