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161.
162.
Timo J. Tolmunen Antti V. R?is?nen 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》1989,10(4):475-504
In this research the efficiency of a millimeter-wave Schottky-varactor quadrupler was studied. Theoretical simulations were carried out by using a nonlinear analysis program to find the optimum embedding impedances for a given diode. Emphasis was placed on the study of optimum idlers at the 2nd and 3rd harmonics, which are essential for a high quadrupling efficiency. For experimental verification a quadrupler for 140–155 GHz output frequency range with fixed idler terminations was constructed. This quadrupler was tested with different output configurations. A 10% tunable bandwidth was obtained with output power in the range of 1.5–2.7 mW whenP
in
=40 mW. The highest efficiency measured was 11.3% at 148 GHz with 10 mW input power. 相似文献
163.
Timo Seppäläinen 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》1995,171(2):233-277
We study infinite volume limits and Gibbs states of disordered lattice systems with bounded and continuous potentials. Our main tools are a generalization of relative entropy for random reference measures and a large deviation theory for nonstationary independent processes. We find that many familiar results of invariant potentials, such as large deviation theorems, variational principles, and equivalence of ensembles, continue to hold for disordered models, with suitably modified statements. 相似文献
164.
Sakari Kulmala Aija Kulmala Timo Ala-Kleme Arvi Hakanen Keijo Haapakka 《Analytica chimica acta》1997,340(1-3):245-256
1-Aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonate (ANS)-specific extrinsic lyoluminescence (LL) of X-ray irradiated sodium chloride is observed at 425 nm when the irradiated salt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of ANS. The paper discusses, in detail, the mechanism of the ANS-specific LL and its analytical applicability. Also, the intrinsic LL of X-ray irradiated sodium chloride is studied. Hydrated electron as well as hole scavenger experiments support the proposal that in the case of the intrinsic LL of X-ray irradiated sodium chloride, trapped electrons (mainly F-center electrons) are released and hydrated whereas trapped holes (V-centers) remain surface-bound and are only partially hydrated before recombination occurs. These hydrated electrons and dissolving solid surface-bound hole centers, which are probably only partially hydrated, are able to act as reducing and oxidizing agents, respectively, in the luminophore oxidation-initiated reductive excitation pathway of ANS. Solution additives (halides and pseudohalides) show that in the chemiluminescence processes in question, oxidizing agents will follow the Marcus theory of electron transfer reactions. The LL method described allows the determination of ANS in the concentration range ≈10−11 − 10−7 M. This suggests that aminonaphthalene derivatives can be used as label molecules in high sensitivity lyoluminobioaffinity assays. 相似文献
165.
Timo J. Tolmunen Margaret A. Frerking 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》1991,12(10):1111-1133
A theoretical comparison of various low and high order multipliers for 200 GHz and 1 THz has been carried out. Novel diodes including single barrier varactors, barrier-intrinsic-n+ diodes and high electron mobility varactors are shown to have excellent theoretical performance, comparable or better than the conventional Schottky varactors for single and double diode frequency multipliers at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, whereas quantum well diodes, since they suffer from high resistive losses, are shown to be less attractive. In comparison to the conventional Schottky varactor, these new diodes have some potential advantages in their characteristics such as nonlinearity or a special symmetry. For future optimization some general comments on these advantages as well as other factors affecting multiplication is given. 相似文献
166.
[structure: see text] The synthesis of the A,B,C-ring system (2) of hexacyclinic acid (1) is achieved starting from a selective Diels-Alder reaction followed by vinyl cuprate addition. The diastereoselective reduction of the ketone carbonyl at C16 could be achieved with LiAlH(4). An intramolecular Michael addition established the ring system stereoselectively, providing access to the selective generation of 9 out of the 14 stereocenters of hexacyclinic acid. 相似文献
167.
We present the initial implementation of a determinant-based general-order coupled cluster method which fully accounts for
relativistic effects within the four-component framework. The method opens the way for the treatment of multi-reference problems
through a state-selective expansion of the model space. The evaluation of the coupled cluster vector function is carried out
via relativistic configuration interaction expansions. The implementation is based on a large-scale configuration interaction
technique, which may efficiently treat long determinant expansions of more than 108 terms. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new method in calculations of complete potential energy curves of the HBr molecule.
The inclusion of spin–orbit interaction and higher excitations than coupled cluster double excitations, either by multi-reference
model spaces or the inclusion of full iterative triple excitations, lead to highly accurate results for spectral constants
of HBr.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
168.
A Boron‐Fluorinated Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Ligand (FTp*) and Its Mono‐ and Dinuclear Copper Complexes [Cu(FTp*)2] and [Cu2(FTp*)2]: Synthesis,Structures, and DFT Calculations 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Timo Augenstein Franziska Dorner Kevin Reiter Hanna E. Wagner Dr. Delphine Garnier Prof. Dr. Wim Klopper Prof. Dr. Frank Breher 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,22(23):7935-7943
Reaction of [Si(3,5‐Me2pz)4] ( 1 ) with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] ( 2 ) gave the mono‐ and dinuclear copper complexes [Cu2(FTp*)2] ( 3 ) and [Cu(FTp*)2] ( 4 ). Both complexes contain the so‐far unprecedented boron‐fluorinated FTp* ligand ([FB(3,5‐Me2pz)3]? with pz=pyrazolyl) originating from 1 , acting as a pyrazolyl transfer reagent, and the [BF4]? counter anion of 2 , serving as the source of the {BF} entity. The solid‐state structures as well as the NMR and EPR spectroscopic characteristics of the complexes were elaborated. Pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) experiments revealed that 3 retains (almost entirely) its dimeric structure in benzene, whereas dimer cleavage and formation of acetonitrile adducts, presumably [Cu(FTp*)(MeCN)], is observed in acetonitrile. The short Cu???Cu distance of 269.16 pm in the solid‐state is predicted by DFT calculations to be dictated by dispersion interactions between all atoms in the complex (the Cu?Cu dispersion contribution itself is only very small). As revealed by cyclic voltammetry studies, 3 shows an irreversible (almost quasi‐reversible at higher scan rates) oxidation process centred at Epa=?0.23 V (E01/2=?0.27 V) (vs. Fc/Fc+). Oxidation reactions on a preparative scale with one equivalent of the ferrocenium salt [Fc][BF4] (very slow reaction) or air (fast reaction) furnished blue crystals of the mononuclear copper(II) complex [Cu(FTp*)2] ( 4 ). As expected for a Jahn–Teller‐active system, the coordination sphere around copper(II) is strongly distorted towards a stretched octahedron, in accordance with EPR spectroscopic findings. 相似文献
169.
170.
Timo A. Kinder René Pior Dr. Sebastian Blomeyer Beate Neumann Dr. Hans-Georg Stammler Prof. Dr. Norbert W. Mitzel 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(23):5899-5903
Chlorogermane (C2F5)3GeCl with very electronegative pentafluoroethyl groups was converted with LiCH2P(tBu)2 to obtain the intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (C2F5)3GeCH2P(tBu)2, a neutral, germanium-based FLP. Its reactivity was compared to its silicon homologue (C2F5)3SiCH2P(tBu)2. Both FLPs cleave NO but give cyclic (Si) and open-chain oxides (Ge). In reactions with HCl both FLPs gave the same adduct type in the solid state, while the proton seems more mobile in solution in the germanium case. Reactions with PhCNO and Me3SiCHN2 result in ring-type adducts. The structures of (C2F5)3GeCH2P(tBu)2 and of five adducts with substrates were elucidated by X-ray diffraction. The study clearly showed the germanium compound to have a more moderate Lewis acidity compared to the silicon analogue. 相似文献