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181.
Prabhakar K Afzal SM Kumar PU Rajanna A Kishan V 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》2011,86(2):305-313
Indinavir, an antiretroviral protease inhibitor used in treatment of HIV infection has limited penetration into brain due to efflux of P-glycoprotein. The aim of this work was to develop transferrin coupled submicron lipid emulsions (SLEs) containing indinavir for delivery to brain. Stearylamine containing SLEs were prepared, characterized, tested for stability and optimized formulation (SLE-4) was developed. Transferrin was coupled to get SLE-6 by water soluble EDC method and purified by gel filtration. The coupled transferrin was quantified by modified Bradford dye assay method. The fluorescent dye (DiD oil) incorporated SLEs were used to check the brain specific delivery of SLEs. The in vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution were conducted in mice. During pharmacokinetic studies, there was no significant difference in the serum levels of indinavir from SLE-1, SLE-4 and SLE-6 formulations at all time points. In tissue distribution studies the therapeutic availability (TA) of indinavir in brain from SLE-6 was 4.69, 3.1 and 1.7 times higher than drug solution, SLE-1 and SLE-4 respectively whereas, the TA of indinavir from SLE-4 was 2.76 and 1.82 times the drug solution and SLE-1. The brain to serum ratios with SLE-6 were above one indicates the brain specific delivery. The brain delivery of indinavir was improved with transferrin ligand attachment to SLEs by receptor mediated transcytosis. 相似文献
182.
Mujtaba SF Dwivedi A Mudiam MK Ali D Yadav N Ray RS 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2011,87(5):1067-1076
The aim of this study was to analyze the photostability and phototoxicity mechanism of anthracene (ANT) in a human skin epidermal cell line (HaCaT) at ambient environmental intensities of sunlight/UV‐R (UV‐A and UV‐B). Photomodification of ANT under sunlight/UV‐R exposure produced two photoproducts, anthrone and 9,10 anthracenedione. Generation of 1O2, O2?? and ?OH was measured under UV‐R/sunlight exposure. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further substantiated by their quenching with free radical quenchers. Photodegradation of 2‐deoxyguanosine and linoleic acid peroxidation showed that ROS were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT generates significant amount of intracellular ROS in cell line. Maximum cell viability (85%) was reduced under sunlight exposure (30 min). Results of MTT assay accord NRU assay. ANT (0.01 μg mL?1) induced cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase. RT‐PCR demonstrated constitutive inducible mRNA expression of CYP 1A1 and 1B1 genes. Photosensitive ANT upregulates CYP 1A1 (2.2‐folds) and 1B1 (4.1‐folds) genes. Thus, the study suggests that ROS and DNA damage were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT exposure may be deleterious to human health at ambient environmental intensities reaching the earth’s surface through sunlight. 相似文献
183.
Faraji Hakim Saber-Tehrani Mohamad Mirzaie Afshin Waqif-Husain Syed 《平面色谱法杂志一现代薄层色谱法》2011,24(3):214-217
JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - A novel liquid-phase microextraction method coupled with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for preconcentration,... 相似文献
184.
The effect of the interior structure of carbon nanomaterials on their electrochemical properties is not well understood. We report here the electron transfer rate (ETR) of ferrocene (Fc) molecules covalently attached to the exposed end of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in an embedded nanoelectrode array. The ETR in normal DC voltammetry was found to be limited by the conical graphitic stacking structure interior of CNFs. AC voltammetry, however, can cope with this intrinsic materials property and provide over 100 times higher ETR, likely by a new capacitive pathway. This provides a new method for high‐performance electroanalysis using CNF nanoelectrodes. 相似文献
185.
Syed SU Sreekumar J Gibson JR Taylor S 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2011,22(8):1381-1387
We report here a study using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) in which a static magnetic field is applied transversely
to the body of the mass filter operating in stability zone 3. Significant improvement in QMS performance was obtained under
certain magnetic field conditions, and these have been explained in terms of our theoretical model. The theoretical approach
assumed in the model is that the QMS contains hyperbolic rods as electrodes and that the magnetic field acts over the full
length of the mass filter assembly. Our latest analysis also predicts for what values of operating parameters an enhancement
of the quadrupole resolution is achieved when a transverse magnetic field is applied. The model predicts instrument resolution
R > 5000 for Ar with a 100 mm long mass filter and R > 3500 for a HT and D2 mixture with a 200 mm long mass filter via application of a transverse magnetic field. 相似文献
186.
Abid OU Nawaz M Ibad MF Khera RA Iaroshenko V Langer P 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2011,9(7):2185-2191
Aryl-substituted pyridines and pyrimidines were prepared by [4+2] cycloadditions of alkynyl-substituted pyridines and -pyrimidines with electron-rich dienes. The reactions proceed by formation of a bridged cycloadduct and subsequent thermal extrusion of ethylene. The pyridine moiety plays a crucial role for the success of the reaction. 相似文献
187.
Cyclic peptoids were efficiently synthesized on a solid phase in high yields utilizing ring-closing metathesis (RCM). This method should be a valuable tool for easy access to cyclic peptoid libraries and various cyclic compounds. 相似文献
188.
189.
A validated spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of uranyl ion in soil samples. The method is based on the complexation reaction between uranyl ion and rifampicin in methanol‐water medium at room temperature. The method is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at 375 nm. Under the optimized experimental conditions, Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 1.35–20.25 μg mL‐1 with apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 8.0 × 103 L mol‐1cm‐1 and 0.042 μg/cm2/0.001 absorbance unit, respectively. The interference of a large number of anions and cations has been investigated and the optimized conditions developed have been utilized for the determination of uranium(VI) in soil samples. The three sigma detection limit (n = 9) for uranyl ion was found to be 0.20 μg mL‐1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of uranyl ion in soil samples. 相似文献
190.
Membrane chromatography can overcome some of the limitations of packed bed column chromatography but preparation of adsorptive membranes usually involves complex and harsh chemical modifications. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) require only the physical incorporation of an ion exchange resin into the membrane polymer solution prior to membrane casting. An advantage of MMMs not previously exploited is that resins with differing adsorptive functionalities can be conveniently embedded within a single membrane at any desired ratio. This presents the opportunity to customize an adsorptive membrane to suit the expected protein profile of a raw feed stream e.g. bovine whey or serum. In this work, a novel mixed mode interaction MMM customized to extract all major proteins from bovine whey was synthesized in a single membrane by incorporating 42.5 wt% Lewatit MP500 anionic resin and 7.5 wt% SP Sepharose cationic resin into an ethylene vinyl alcohol base polymer casting solution. The mixed mode MMM developed was able to bind both basic and acidic proteins simultaneously from whey, with binding capacities of 7.16±2.24 mg α-lactalbumin g(-1) membrane, 11.40±0.73 mg lactoferrin (LF)g(-1) membrane, 59.21±9.90 mg β-lactoglobulin g(-1) membrane and 6.79±1.11 mg immunoglobulin Gg(-1) membrane (85 mg total protein g(-1) membrane) during batch fractionation of LF-spiked whey. A 1000 m(2) spiral-wound membrane module (200 L membrane volume, 1m(3) module volume) is predicted to be able to produce approximately 25 kg total whey protein per h. 相似文献