Quantum dot with spin-orbit interaction in noncommutative phase space and analog Landau levels

We have studied a quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit interaction in noncommutative phase space. The energy eigenvalues are analogous to Landau energy levels. It is shown that this system is related with a physically realizable model of a quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit interaction in a magnetic field whereby a relation is derived among the noncommutative parameters, spin-orbit coupling strength and magnetic field.     

On the dynamics of moving single bubble sonoluminescence

It is well known that the primary Bjerknes force is the origin of the trapping of sonoluminescing bubble in the sound field in liquid. In the present Letter, the quantitative investigation of the behavior of hydrodynamic force on the moving sonoluminescing (SL) bubble introduces the new role of stabilizing the trajectory motion of the bubble for primary Bjerknes force. Using a complete force balanced radial-translational dynamics, it is analytically discussed that by increasing the bubble distance from the antinode of the sound field the increase of the magnitude of inward Bjerknes force, controls the size of the domain of the bubble trajectory. At this time the wake produced by the rapid variation of the bubble's relative translational velocity to the surrounding liquid, changes the bubble direction of motion through the effect of history force. The required momentum for accelerating the SL bubble around the central antinode is produced by the added mass force at the bubble collapse. It is revealed in a re-examination of the coupled radial-translational dynamics for a trapping bubble that because of the bubble lower translational acceleration caused due to the lower added mass force and the bubble attraction towards the acoustic antinodes in presence of inward Bjerknes force, the small bubble will be trapped at the antinode of the sound field.     

A chromogenic calixarene hydroxamic acid for the sequential separation of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV)

A new chromogenic calixarene with hydroxamic acid as chelating agent was synthesized by partial reduction of nitrocalixarene which was subsequently coupled with coumarin chloride. The reagent showed selective and quantitative extraction of Ti(IV) into chloroform at 6 M HCl and that of Zr(IV) at 0.5 M HCl. A facile liquid-liquid extraction method for the separation and spectrophotometric determination of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) has been proposed. The validity of the method was checked by separating several synthetic mixtures. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of piezoelectric lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) samples. The method shows remarkable simplicity and selectivity. The method can also be used for the determination of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) in various environmental samples. The article is published in the original.     

Solvation effects in the dimerization of 2-ethylprop-2-enal

Rate constants for dimerization of 2-ethylprop-2-enal in different solvents cannot be approximated using a single solvent parameter. This is possible only with the aid of multiparameter equations. Polar solvents characterized by a high cohesion energy density accelerate the process.     

Influence of the composition of double oxyhydrates MxMn1?xO2·nH2O (Mz+ = Zr, Al, Sn, Ti) on the sorption activity and cation mobility

Adsorption of Cr(VI) on Fe₂O₃ from model solutions with various Cr(VI) concentrations was studied. The adsorption capacity was determined, the constants of chromium(VI) adsorption on iron(III) oxide for the pseudo-second-order model were calculated, and the diffusion coefficients for the process were evaluated. Original Russian Text ? V.N. Belyakov, T.V. Yatsenko, T.V. Mal’tseva, A.V. Pal’chik, 2009, published in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, 2009, Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 753–756.     

Analytical bias among different gas chromatographic approaches using standard BTX gases and exhaust samples

In this study, the analytical compatibility of the gas chromatographic (GC) approach was evaluated through a cross‐calibration exercise. To this end, three aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs: benzene, toluene, and p‐xylene (BTX)) were simultaneously analyzed with four individual instrumental setups (type I = GC with MS plus solid phase microextraction (SPME) method, II = GC with flame ionization detection (FID) plus SPME, III = fast GC‐FID plus SPME, and IV = GC‐FID plus air server/thermal desorption (AS/TD) method). A comparison of basic quality assurance (QA) data revealed considerable differences in DL values among the methods with moderate variabilities in the intercompound sensitivity. In light of the differences in detection properties, the analytical bias involved for each methodological approach was assessed by the relative relationship between analytes and basic operating conditions. The results suggest that the analysis of environmental samples at ultra‐low concentration levels (at or below ppb level) can be subject to diverse sources of bias. Although detection properties of target compounds seem to be affected by the combined effects of various factors, changes in the sample concentration levels were seen to be the most consistent under the experimental setups analyzed in this study.     

Optimal cash management under uncertainty

We solve an agent’s optimization problem of meeting demands for cash over time with cash deposited in bank or invested in stock. The stock pays dividends and uncertain capital gains, and a commission is incurred in buying and selling of stock. We use a stochastic maximum principle to obtain explicitly the optimal transaction policy.     

Direct electrochemical nanopatterning of polycarbazole monomer and precursor polymer films: ambient formation of thermally stable conducting nanopatterns

The direct nanopatterning of polycarbazole on ultrathin films of a "precursor polymer" and monomer under ambient conditions is reported. In contrast to previous reports on electrochemical dip-pen nanolithography using monomer ink or electrolyte-saturated films in electrostatic nanolithography, these features were directly patterned on spin-cast films of carbazole monomer and poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) under room temperature and humidity conditions. Using a voltage-biased atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, electric-field-induced polymerization and cross-linking occurred with nanopatterning in these films. Different parameters, including writing speed and bias voltages, were studied to demonstrate line width and patterning geometry control. The conducting property (current-voltage (I-V) curves) of these nanopatterns was also investigated using a conducting-AFM (C-AFM) setup, and the thermal stability of the patterns was evaluated by annealing the polymer/monomer film above the glass transition (T(g)) temperature of the precursor polymer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which thermally stable conducting nanopatterns were drawn directly on monomer or polymer film substrates using an electrochemical nanolithography technique under ambient conditions.     

Size selective assembly of colloidal particles on a template by directed self-assembly technique

We report a simple and effective approach to organize micron- and submicron-sized particles in a size selective manner. This approach utilizes the template assisted directed self-assembly technique. A topographically patterned photoresist surface is fabricated and used to create an ordered array of colloidal particles from their aqueous suspensions. Assembly of particles on this template is then achieved by using a conventional spin coating technique. Feasibility of this technique to form a large area of patterned particle assemblies has been investigated. To arrange the particles on the template, the physical confinement offered by the surface topography must overcome a joint effect of centrifugal force and the hydrophobic nature of the photoresist surface. This concept has been extended to the size selective sorting of colloidal particles. The capability of this technique for sorting and organizing colloidal particles of a particular diameter from a mixture of microspheres is demonstrated.     

Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with azacytosines: a pulse radiolysis and theoretical study

Pulse radiolysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level have been carried out to probe the reaction of the water-derived hydroxyl radicals (*OH) with 5-azacytosine (5Ac) and 5-azacytidine (5Acyd) at near neutral and basic pH. A low percentage of nitrogen-centered oxidizing radicals, and a high percentage of non-oxidizing carbon-centered radicals were identified based on the reaction of transient intermediates with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), ABTS2-. Theoretical calculations suggests that the N3 atom in 5Ac is the most reactive center as it is the main contributor of HOMO, whereas C5 atom is the prime donor for the HOMO of cytosine (Cyt) where the major addition site is C5. The order of stability of the adduct species were found to be C6-OH_5Ac*>C4-OH_5Ac*>N3-OH_5Ac*>N5-OH_5Ac* both in the gaseous and solution phase (using the PCM model) respectively due to the additions of *OH at C6, C4, N3, and N5 atoms. These additions occur in direct manner, without the intervention of any precursor complex formation. The possibility of a 1,2-hydrogen shift from the C6 to N5 in the nitrogen-centered C6-OH_5Ac* radical is considered in order to account for the experimental observation of the high yield of non-oxidizing radicals, and found that such a conversion requires activation energy of about 32 kcal/mol, and hence this possibility is ruled out. The hydrogen abstraction reactions were assumed to occur from precursor complexes (hydrogen bonded complexes represented as S1, S2, S3, and S4) resulted from the electrostatic interactions of the lone pairs on the N3, N5, and O8 atoms with the incoming *OH radical. It was found that the conversion of these precursor complexes to their respective transition states has ample barrier heights, and it persists even when the effect of solvent is considered. It was also found that the formation of precursor complexes itself is highly endergonic in solution phase. Hence, the abstraction reactions will not occur in the present case. Finally, the time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations predicted an absorption maximum of 292 nm for the N3-OH_5Ac* adduct, which is close to the experimentally observed spectral maxima at 290 nm. Hence, it is assumed that the addition to the most reactive center N3, which results the N3-OH_5Ac* radical, occurs via a kinetically driven process.