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111.
Quantum energy coherences represent a thermodynamic resource, which can be exploited to extract energy from a thermal reservoir and deliver that energy as work. We argue that there exists a closely analogous classical thermodynamic resource, namely, energy-shell inhomogeneities in the phase space distribution of a system’s initial state. We compare the amount of work that can be obtained from quantum coherences with the amount that can be obtained from classical inhomogeneities, and find them to be equal in the semiclassical limit. We thus conclude that coherences do not provide a unique thermodynamic advantage of quantum systems over classical systems, in situations where a well-defined semiclassical correspondence exists. 相似文献
112.
We present in this paper a new energy-efficient communication scheme called CNS (Compression with Null Symbol) that combines the power of data compression and communication through silent symbol. The concept of communication through silent symbol is borrowed from the energy efficient schemes proposed in Sinha (Proceedings
of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), Ghosh et al. (Proceedings
of 27th IEEE international performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008), and Sinha and
Sinha (Proceedings of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144,
2008). We show that the average theoretical energy saving at the transmitter by CNS is 62.5%, assuming an ideal channel and
for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Next, we propose a transceiver design that uses a hybrid
modulation scheme utilizing FSK and ASK so as to keep the cost/complexity of the radio devices low. Considering an additive
white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and a non-coherent detection based receiver, CNS shows a saving in transmitter energy
by 30% when compared to binary FSK, for equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length. Simultaneously,
there is a saving of 50% at the receiver for all types of data modulation due to halving of the transmitted data duration,
compared to binary encoding. In contrast, RBNSiZeComm proposed in Sinha (Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and
networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009), TSS proposed in Ghosh et al. (Proceedings of 27th IEEE international
performance computing and communications conference (IPCCC), USA, pp. 85–92, 2008) and RZE proposed in Sinha and Sinha (Proceedings
of international conference on distributed computing and internet technologies (ICDCIT), LNCS, pp. 139–144, 2008) generate
average transmitter energy savings of about 41, 20, and 35.2%, respectively. Also, at the receiver side, while RBNSiZeComm
does not generate any saving, TSS and RZE produce about 36.9 and 12.5% savings on an average, respectively. Considering certain
data types that may occur in the context of some wireless sensor networks (WSN) based applications (e.g., remote healthcare, agricultural WSNs, etc.), our simulation results demonstrate that for
AWGN noisy channels, the transmitter side savings vary from about 33–50% on an average, while for RBNSiZeComm, this saving
is about 33–61% on the same data set (Sinha in Proceedings of 6th IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC),
Las Vegas, pp. 1–5, 2009). Thus, taking into account the low cost/complexity of the proposed transceiver, these results clearly
establish that CNS can be a suitable candidate for communication in low power wireless sensor networks, such as in remote
healthcare applications, body area networks, home automation, WSNs for agriculture and many others. 相似文献
113.
We derived new expressions for volume expansion ratio, thermal expansivity and higher order temperature derivative of volume
with the change in temperature. The relationships are developed on the basis of suggestion made by Wang and Reeber [12]. We
used a relationship demonstrating the temperature dependence of isothermal bulk modulus due to Srivastava et al. [13] to generate various other expressions. The model is applied on NaCl and KCl crystals. The superiority of the presented
formulations over other identical formulations is shown. A close agreement between theory and experiment reveals the validity
of the present work. 相似文献
114.
In the context of IEEE 802.11b network testbeds, we examine the differences between unicast and broadcast link properties, and we show the inherent difficulties in precisely estimating unicast link properties via those of broadcast beacons even if we make the length and transmission rate of beacons be the same as those of data packets. To circumvent the difficulties in link estimation, we propose to estimate unicast link properties directly via data traffic itself without using periodic beacons. To this end, we design a data-driven routing protocol Learn-on-the-Fly (LOF). LOF chooses routes based on ETX/ETT-type metrics, but the metrics are estimated via MAC feedback for unicast data transmission instead of broadcast beacons. Using a realistic sensor network traffic trace and an 802.11b testbed of ~195 Stargates, we experimentally compare the performance of LOF with that of beacon-based protocols, represented by the geography-unaware ETX and the geography-based PRD. We find that LOF reduces end-to-end MAC latency by a factor of 3, enhances energy efficiency by a factor up to 2.37, and improves network throughput by a factor up to 7.78, which demonstrate the feasibility and the potential benefits of data-driven link estimation and routing. 相似文献
115.
Synthesis of five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and nine-membered cyclic α-hydrazino acids from a common starting material ‘diethylmalonate’ with 26, 16, 34, 13.5, and 13.33% overall yields is described. Sequential allylation or homoallylation and electrophilic amination followed by cyclization gave the desired rings. The methyl esters of eight- and nine-membered rings were synthesized by RCM and the corresponding free acids were generated after hydrolysis in the presence of 1 M BBr3 solution in DCM. 相似文献
116.
K.C. Majumdar Randhir Kumar Sinha Santanu Chakravorty 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2009,70(8):1171-915
The miscibility of a rod-shaped (R) and a bent-shaped (BC) compound forming an induced B1 phase is reported. B1 phase is not present in both R and BC in the entire phase sequence. R exhibits partially bilayered smectic Ad phase with cholesteric and TGB while BC shows a B2 phase. It is interesting to show that the B2 phase is totally diminished in low composition (weight%) of BC, B1 phase is induced at lower temperature range (~90-135 °C). A dielectric study is also incorporated to confirm the induction of B1 phase in the binary mixture. 相似文献
117.
[Pd(-NaiR)(O,O)] [-NaiR = 1-alkyl-2-(naphthyl--azo)imidazoles; R = Me (a), Et (b), CH2Ph (c) and O,O = pyrocatecholato (cat) (3), 4-t-butylcatecholato (tbcat) (4), 3,5-di-t-butylcatecholato (dtbcat) (5), and tetracholorocatecholato (tccat) (6)] complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, i.r. and 1H-n.m.r. spectral data. Studies by cyclic voltammetry suggest the existence of two redox couples, positive saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.) that are due to catecholes to semiquinone, and semiquinone to quinone oxidations, respectively; two couples at negative to s.c.e. are associated with azo reductions. The complexes exhibit ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer transition in the near-i.r. region. The band position is largely dependent upon the substituent on the catechole frame and exhibits a negative solvatochromic effect. The transition is qualitatively assigned to the HOMO (cat) LUMO (-NaiR) transition. 相似文献
118.
A new resin incorporating benzimidazolylazo group into a matrix of polystyrene divinylbenzene has been prepared. The exchange capacity of the resin for the ions mercury(II), silver(I) and palladium(II) as a function of pH has been determined. The resin exhibits no affinity for alkali or alkaline earth metals. It is highly selective for Hg(II), Ag(I) and Pd(II). In column operation, it has been observed that Hg(II), Ag(I) and Pd(II) in trace quantities can be selectively separated from geological, medicinal and environmental samples. 相似文献
119.
Let A be a unital von Neumann algebra of operators on a complexseparable Hilbert space H0, and let {Tt, t 0} be a uniformlycontinuous quantum dynamical semigroup of completely positiveunital maps on A. The infinitesimal generator L of {Tt} is abounded linear operator on the Banach space A. For any Hilbertspace K, denote by B(K) the von Neumann algebra of all boundedoperators on K. Christensen and Evans [3] have shown that Lhas the form [formula] where is a representation of A in B(K) for some Hilbert spaceK, R: H0 K is a bounded operator satisfying the minimalitycondition that the set {(RX(X)R)u, uH0, XA} is totalin K, and K0 is a fixed element of A. The unitality of {Tt}implies that L(1) = 0, and consequently K0=iHR*R, whereH is a hermitian element of A. Thus (1.1) can be expressed as [formula] We say that the quadruple (K, , R, H) constitutes the set ofChristensenEvans (CE) parameters which determine theCE generator L of the semigroup {Tt}. It is quite possible thatanother set (K', ', R', H') of CE parameters may determine thesame generator L. In such a case, we say that these two setsof CE parameters are equivalent. In Section 2 we study thisequivalence relation in some detail. 1991 Mathematics SubjectClassification 81S25, 60J25. 相似文献
120.
Let H be a semibounded perturbation of the Laplacian H
0 in L
2(
d
). For an admissible function sufficient conditions are given for the completeness of the scattering system (H), (H
0). If is the exponential function and if e– H
is an integral operator we denote the kernel of the difference D
= e– H
– e– H
0 by D
(x, y), > 0. The singularly continuous spectrum of H is empty ifd dx
d dy |D(x,y)| (1 + |y|2)< for some > 1. This result is applied to potential perturbations and to perturbations by imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions. 相似文献