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排序方式: 共有549条查询结果,搜索用时 27 毫秒
51.
David Griffith Kotikalapudi Sriram Liliya Krivulina Nada Golmie 《Optical Switching and Networking》2005,2(2):127-136
The introduction of new high bandwidth services such as video-on-demand by cable operators will put a strain on existing resources. It is important for cable operators to know how many resources to commit to the network to satisfy customer demands. In this paper, we develop models of voice and video traffic to determine the effect of demand growth on hybrid fiber–coax networks. We obtain a set of guidelines that network operators can use to build out their networks in response to increased demand. We begin with one type of traffic and generalize to an arbitrary number of high-bandwidth constant bit rate (CBR) like services to obtain service blocking probabilities. We consider the effect of supporting variable bit rate (VBR) packet-switched traffic in addition to CBR services. These computations help us to determine how cable networks would function under various conditions (i.e., low, medium, and heavy loads). We also consider how the growth rate of the popularity of such services would change over time, and how this impacts network planning. Our findings will help cable operators estimate how much bandwidth they need to provision for a given traffic growth model and connection blocking requirement. 相似文献
52.
R. Garg C. Narayanan D. Lakehal S. Subramaniam 《International Journal of Multiphase Flow》2007,33(12):1337-1364
The Lagrangian–Eulerian (LE) approach is used in many computational methods to simulate two-way coupled dispersed two-phase flows. These include averaged equation solvers, as well as direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) that approximate the dispersed-phase particles (or droplets or bubbles) as point sources. Accurate calculation of the interphase momentum transfer term in LE simulations is crucial for predicting qualitatively correct physical behavior, as well as for quantitative comparison with experiments. Numerical error in the interphase momentum transfer calculation arises from both forward interpolation/approximation of fluid velocity at grid nodes to particle locations, and from backward estimation of the interphase momentum transfer term at particle locations to grid nodes. A novel test that admits an analytical form for the interphase momentum transfer term is devised to test the accuracy of the following numerical schemes: (1) fourth-order Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation (LPI-4), (3) Piecewise Cubic Approximation (PCA), (3) second-order Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation (LPI-2) which is basically linear interpolation, and (4) a Two-Stage Estimation algorithm (TSE). A number of tests are performed to systematically characterize the effects of varying the particle velocity variance, the distribution of particle positions, and fluid velocity field spectrum on estimation of the mean interphase momentum transfer term. Numerical error resulting from backward estimation is decomposed into statistical and deterministic (bias and discretization) components, and their convergence with number of particles and grid resolution is characterized. It is found that when the interphase momentum transfer is computed using values for these numerical parameters typically encountered in the literature, it can incur errors as high as 80% for the LPI-4 scheme, whereas TSE incurs a maximum error of 20%. The tests reveal that using multiple independent simulations and higher number of particles per cell are required for accurate estimation using current algorithms. The study motivates further testing of LE numerical methods, and the development of better algorithms for computing interphase transfer terms. 相似文献
53.
Photoisomerization of Trans Ortho‐, Meta‐, Para‐Nitro Diarylbutadienes: A Case of Regioselectivity
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Harsha Agnihotri Mahalingavelar Paramasivam Veerabhadraiah Palakollu Sriram Kanvah 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2015,91(6):1324-1331
A series of ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐substituted trans‐nitro aryl (phenyl and pyridyl) butadienes have been synthesized and characterized. The effect of substitution and positional selectivity on their fluorescence and photoisomerization were systematically investigated. Among all dienes, meta‐ and para‐nitro phenyl‐substituted derivatives exhibit remarkable solvatochromic emission shifts due to intramolecular charge transfer. On the other hand, ortho derivatives undergo regioselective isomerization upon photoexcitation in contrast to inefficient isomerization of para and meta nitro‐substituted dienes. Single crystal X‐ray analysis revealed existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the nitro group and the hydrogen of the proximal double bond. This restricts the rotation of the proximal double bond thereby allowing regioselective isomerization. The observations were also supported by NMR spectroscopic studies. 相似文献
54.
Dispersion of spray droplets and the modulation of turbulence in the ambient gas by the dispersing droplets are two coupled phenomena that are closely linked to the evolution of global spray characteristics, such as the spreading rate of the spray and the spray cone angle. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent gas flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles, in the absence of gravity, report that dispersion statistics and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) evolve on different timescales. Furthermore, each timescale behaves differently with Stokes number, a non-dimensional flow parameter (defined in this context as the ratio of the particle response time to the Kolmogorov timescale of turbulence) that characterizes how quickly a particle responds to turbulent fluctuations in the carrier or gas phase. A new dual-timescale Langevin model (DLM) composed of two coupled Langevin equations for the fluctuating velocities, one for each phase, is proposed. This model possesses a unique feature that the implied TKE and velocity autocorrelation in each phase evolve on different timescales. Consequently, this model has the capability of simultaneously predicting the disparate Stokes number trends in the evolution of dispersion statistics, such as velocity autocorrelations, and TKE in each phase. Predictions of dispersion statistics and TKE from the new model show good agreement with published DNS of non-evaporating and evaporating droplet-laden turbulent flow. 相似文献
55.
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57.
Bhabak KP Satheeshkumar K Jayavelu S Mugesh G 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2011,9(21):7343-7350
In the present study, the synthesis and characterization of a series of N-methylimidazole-based thiourea and selenourea derivatives are described. The new compounds were also studied for their ability to inhibit peroxynitrite (PN)- and peroxidase-mediated nitration of protein tyrosine residues. It has been observed that the selenourea derivatives are more efficient than the thiourea-based compounds in the inhibition of protein nitration. The higher activity of selenoureas as compared to that of the corresponding thioureas can be ascribed to the zwitterionic nature of the selenourea moiety. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on some of the thiourea and selenourea derivatives reveal that the C=S bonds in thioureas possess more of double bond character than the C=Se bonds in the corresponding selenoureas. Therefore, the selenium compounds can react with PN or hydrogen peroxide much faster than their sulfur analogues. The reactions of thiourea and selenourea derivatives with PN or hydrogen peroxide produce the corresponding sulfinic or seleninic acid derivatives, which upon elimination of sulfurous/selenous acids produce the corresponding N-methylimdazole derivatives. 相似文献
58.
Kalaivani Subramaniam Amit Das Dagmar Steinhauser Manfred Klüppel Gert Heinrich 《European Polymer Journal》2011,47(12):2234-2243
This paper focuses on the influence of ionic liquid on carbon nanotube based elastomeric composites. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are modified using an ionic liquid at room temperature, 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulphonyl) imide (BMI) and modified MWCNTs exhibit physical (cation–π/π–π) interaction with BMI. The polychloroprene rubber (CR) composites are prepared using unmodified and BMI modified MWCNTs. The presence of BMI not only increases the alternating current (AC) electrical conductivity and polarisability of the composites but also improves the state of dispersion of the tubes as observed from dielectric spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy respectively. In addition to the hydrodynamic reinforcement, the formation of improved filler–filler networks is reflected in the dynamic storage modulus (E′) for modified MWCNTs/CR composites in amplitude sweep measurement upon increasing the proportion of BMI. Hardness and mechanical properties are also studied for the composites as a function of BMI. 相似文献
59.
Yeonsik Jeong Sriram Lakshmanan Sandeep Kakumanu Raghupathy Sivakumar 《Wireless Networks》2011,17(3):567-582
In this paper we present a new approach called cue-based networking that uses hints or cues about the physical environment to optimize networked application behavior. We define the notion of
cues and describe how cues can be obtained using wireless sensor networks as the underlying platform. We identify both the
research and system challenges that need to be addressed to realize benefits of the approach under a target application of
video delivery over IP networks. In the process, we identify key challenges of wireless sensor networks, namely timeliness
and robustness. We design an adaptive algorithm that balances the tradeoff between them satisfying both timeliness and robustness
requirements. Through an implementation of the video delivery application using the proposed algorithm in a real home environment,
we highlight the practical benefits of the proposed approach. 相似文献
60.
Madhu Bhaskaran Sharath Sriram Simon Ruffell Arnan Mitchell 《Advanced functional materials》2011,21(12):2251-2257
We report on the use of nanoindentation to characterize in situ the voltage and current generation of piezoelectric thin films. This work presents the controlled observation of nanoscale piezoelectric voltage and current generation, allowing accurate quantification and mapping of force function variations. We characterize both continuous thin films and lithographically patterned nanoislands with constrained interaction area. The influence of size on energy generation parameters is reported, demonstrating that nanoislands can exhibit more effective current generation than continuous films. This quantitative finding suggests that further research into the impact of nanoscale patterning of piezoelectric thin films may yield an improved materials platform for integrated microscale energy scavenging systems. 相似文献