Effects of passivation treatment on the surface stability in indium-doped Hg0.8Cd0.2Te epilayers grown on p-Cd0.96Zn0.04Te substrates

Passivation treatment on indium-doped Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te epitaxial layers grown on p-Cd_0.96Zn_0.04Te substrates by molecular beam epitaxy has been performed in order to improve the surface stability of the Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te layers. Room-temperature capacitance–voltage measurements clearly revealed metal-insulator–semiconductor (MIS) behavior for the Al/ZnS/passivated Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te layer/Cd_0.96Zn_0.04Te diodes. The fast state density and the fixed charge density of the Al/ZnS/passivated Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te/Cd_0.96Zn_0.04Te diode with a sulfur-treated Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te layer were smaller than those with a chemically oxidized Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te layer. The interface state density at the ZnS/sulfur-treated Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te interface were low at 10¹¹ eV⁻¹ cm⁻² at the middle of the Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te energy gap. These results indicate that the Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te epilayer is significantly passivated by sulfur treatment and that the passivated Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te layers can be used for Hg_1−xCd_xTe-based MIS diodes and MIS field-effect transistors.     

Interpolymer complex formation between helical poly(L-proline) and random-coil poly(methacrylic acid) through hydrogen bonding

Interpolymer complex formation between poly(L -proline) (PLP) with helical structure and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) with random-coil structure through hydrogen bonding in aqueous medium has been studied by several experimental techniques, e.g., viscometry, turbidimetry, potentiometry, conductometry, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction methods. The decreases in reduced viscosity of the solution on addition of an increasing quantity of PLP to a constant amount of PMAA reveals the formation of a complex between PLP and PMAA. The minimum in reduced viscosity at a unit-mole ratio [PLP]/[PMAA] = 1.0 suggests a 1 : 1 complex formation. A distinct change in the curves for turbidity, pH, and conductance versus [PLP]/[PMAA] supports this conclusion. A scanning electron micrograph for the 1 : 1 PLP–PMAA complexes shows that the PLP/PMAA complex has the shape of entangled long fibers. An x-ray diffraction pattern for the PLP/PMAA complexes gives no diffraction patterns which appear in pure PLP, indicating the destruction of the helical structure of PLP due to the interpolymer complexation. Mixtures of PMAA with poly(γ-hydroxy-L -proline) (PHLP) which has a similar conformation as PLP, but involves intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonds, has also been investigated by vicometry measurements. The reduced viscosity of a solution of the mixed polymers increases with increasing [PHLP], indicating no complex formation. All the results reveal that the magnitude and the nature of the forces acting in the polymers play an important role in interpolymer complexation.     

ZnO nanoparticles with controlled shapes and sizes prepared using a simple polyol synthesis

Nanocrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) particles with controlled shapes and sizes were prepared at 180 ^°C by a simple polyol method. The amount of water and the method of addition played an important role in determining the characteristics of the synthesized particles. Rod-shaped ZnO particles with major axis lengths of ∼114 nm were obtained by heating the precursor solution, while equiaxial particles with average diameters of ∼24 nm were prepared by injecting water into hot precursor solution. Increasing the amount of water added to the precursor solution enlarged the aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particles and increased the particle size of the equiaxial particles due to enhanced hydrolysis and condensation of the Zn ion complex.     

Column redundancy scheme for multiple I/O DRAM using mapping table

A new column redundancy scheme is presented that can minimise the die area overhead by repair circuits and also achieve fast access speed in high density dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) with wide data widths. The proposed scheme has a large redundancy-area-unit (RAU) which operates a flexible column redundancy scheme that consecutively shifts RDQ (redundant I/O) to neighbouring MDQ (main I/O) without any speed penalty. By using the proposed mapping fuse algorithm. The number of fuses required to store the fail bit address can be reduced, and the chip area reduced.     

A data transmission scheme for CDMA wireless networks based onIS-95

Data integration into the existing cellular voice systems is an attractive approach since it can reduce an initial implementation cost of the data network and can provide voice/data integrated services. In this paper, we propose a data transmission scheme for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) cellular voice systems. The CDMA systems under consideration include IS-95 digital cellular systems using the 800-900-MHz band and J-STD-008 personal communications systems using the 1.8-2.0-GHz band. The proposed protocol and control schemes are designed for real systems based on IS-95 rather than conceptual systems and require no modifications to the existing voice mobile stations (MSs). Using computer simulation, the performance of voice and data users is evaluated. As a result, we show that the proposed scheme well meets our design goals, which are that the data transmission scheme should not only provide a good data performance, but also have little effect on the voice performance     

Biological functionalization of the amine-terminated Si(100) surface by glycine

A peptide reaction of glycine on an amine-terminated Si(100) surface was investigated using C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and Si 2p core-level spectroscopy, where the amine-terminated Si(100) surface was prepared using NH₃. In-situ thermal treatments at a mild temperature of 50 °C after the adsorption of glycine on a room-temperature amine-terminated Si(100) surface induced the peptide reaction between the carboxyl group of glycine and the amine group of the surface. This suggests that the amine-terminated Si(100) surface can be an excellent template for constructing a junction between a biomaterial and a Si surface using a dry process.     

Reputation and efficiency: A non-parametric assessment of America’s top-rated MBA programs

Widely publicized reports of fresh MBAs getting multiple job offers with six-figure annual salaries leave a long-lasting general impression about the high quality of selected business schools. While such spectacular achievement in job placement rightly deserves recognition, one should not lose sight of the resources expended in order to accomplish this result. In this study, we employ a measure of Pareto-Koopmans global efficiency to evaluate the efficiency levels of the MBA programs in Business Week’s top-rated list. We compute input- and output-oriented radial and non-radial efficiency measures for comparison. Among three tier groups, the schools from a higher tier group on average are more efficient than those from lower tiers, although variations in efficiency levels do occur within the same tier, which exist over different measures of efficiency.     

Improved selective repeat ARQ scheme for mobile multimediacommunications

This paper suggests a NAK-based selective repeat (SR) scheme for reliable data transmission in the future land-mobile communications systems supporting multimedia services. The proposed scheme is an improved version of the automatic repeat request defined in IS-707. We analyze the proposed SR under the assumption of a two-states Markov channel. The numerical results show that drastic performance improvement can be achieved at the cost of minor increase in complexity     

Reliability improvement by the suppression of keyhole generation in W-plug vias

This paper describes a mechanism of failures in W-plug vias due to the keyhole generation, and presents the process conditions which enhance the reliability of W-plug vias. For a high aspect ratio via-hole, one of the limiting factors in the reliability of the W-plug is the generation of the keyholes. We have investigated the sensitivities of corresponding technologies and conditions to the generation of the keyholes during the plug process. They include deposition technologies of TiN and deposition conditions of W. Based on the SEM observation and the electromigration failure test, the process conditions of TiN and W have been optimized.     

An enhanced channel-quality indication (CQI) reporting scheme for HSDPA systems

A major evolution of UMTS standard is the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). One of key techniques supporting HSDPA is the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) in which the modulation scheme and the coding rate are adaptively changed according to the downlink channel quality reported by the user equipment (UE). Therefore, the channel quality indication (CQI) reporting scheme is directly related to the accuracy of AMC and the performance of HSDPA. This letter proposes an enhanced CQI reporting scheme that can be used when a proportional fair scheduling algorithm (PFA) is used as a packet scheduling algorithm. The proposed scheme uses a dynamic threshold to filter off redundant CQI reports. With the proposed scheme, the battery capacity of UK can be conserved, maintaining the performance of traditional CQI reporting scheme.