Study of Read Recovery Dynamic Faults in 6T SRAMS and Method to Improve Test Time

Capturing dynamic and hard to detect faults in static embedded memories is a significant challenge for DFT designers. Not only it demands at-speed testing, it also requires a large number of operations (generally greater than 24 consecutive reads per memcell) on each memory cell, which is hard to achieve at lower testing budgets. We present a comprehensive study done on resistive defects which lead to read recovery faults in 6T memcell SRAMs. A novel DFT technique has been proposed using calibrated variation in dummy path of self timed memories to capture hard to detect resistive faults in small number of operations. Results show 89% reduction in test time for a robust test on an industrial SRAM with 2048 words operating at 400 MHz.     

Hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation catalyzed by triflic acid. Parallels to reactions initiated with metal triflates

Intermolecular additions of the O-H bonds of phenols and alcohols and the N-H bonds of sulfonamides and benzamide to olefins catalyzed by 1 mol % of triflic acid and studies to define the relationship between these reactions and those catalyzed by metal triflates are reported. Cyclization of an alcohol containing pendant monosubstituted and trisubstituted olefins catalyzed by either triflic acid or metal triflates form products from addition to the more substituted olefin, and additions of tosylamide catalyzed by triflic acid or metal triflates form indistinguishable ratios of the two N-alkyl sulfonamides.     

External electric field induced modulation instability of an electromagnetic beam in two-photon photorefractive materials

The modulation instability of a broad electromagnetic beam in a biased two-photon photovoltaic photorefractive material, due to two-photon-photorefractive effect has been investigated. The one-dimensional modulation instability growth rate has been estimated under the linear stability framework. The behavior of the gain spectrum is different in low and high power regions. It has been predicted that, with the application of external electric field, it is possible to initiate and control growth of the instability in those media, where modulation instability was hitherto prohibited. The influence of different system parameters on the instability growth rate has been examined.     

Heterotri- and -tetrametallic alkoxides of chromium(III) containing aluminium(III), gallium(III) and niobium(V)

CrCl₃ · 3THF reacts with two equivalents of potassium alkoxometallates K{M(OPr ⁱ ) _x } [M = Al(A), Ga(B), x = 4; M = Nb(C), x = 6] to give heterobimetallic chloride isopropoxides [Cr{M(OPr ⁱ ) _x }₂Cl(THF)] [M = Al(A – 1), Ga(B – 1), and Nb(C – 1)], in which the replacement of the chloride with an appropriate alkoxometallate (tetraisopropoxoaluminate, tetraisopropoxogallate, or hexaisopropoxoniobate) results in the formation of novel heterotrimetallic derivatives. The 'single pot synthesis of an heterotetrametallic isopropoxide [Cr{Nb(OPr ⁱ )₆}{Al(OPr ⁱ )₄}{Ga(OPr ⁱ )₄}] (7) has been carried out by the sequential addition of (A), (B), and (C) to a benzene suspension of CrCl₃ · 3THF. Alcoholysis of [Cr{Al(OPr ⁱ )₄}₂{Nb(OPr ⁱ )₆}] (1) and [Cr{Al(OPr ⁱ )₄}₂{Ga(OPr ⁱ )₄}] (5) with t-BuOH has also been studied and the derivatives characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations, spectroscopic [Electronic, i.r., ²⁷Al-n.m.r.] and magnetic susceptibility studies.     

Fullerene Polymer Complex Inducing Dipole Electric Field for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated great potential for realizing low‐cost and easily fabricated photovoltaics. At this juncture, power conversion efficiency and long‐term stability are two important factors limiting their transition. PSCs exhibit rapid environmental degradation since the perovskite layer is very sensitive to factors such as humidity, temperature, and ultraviolet light. Here, a novel successful approach is demonstrated that simultaneously improves the efficiency and stability of PSCs. This approach relies on incorporation of a dual‐functional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)–fullerene complex into the perovskite layer. The fullerene within perovskite layer forms a localized dipole‐like electric field that favors electron–hole separation, resulting in significant improvement in current density and fill factor with conversion efficiency reaching 18.4%. The molecular‐scale coating of hydrophobic PMMA on the perovskite grain boundary effectively blocks moisture penetration into the perovskite, thereby, significantly improving the stability against moisture, heat, and light. The PSCs with PMMA–fullerene complex showed no photovoltaic performance degradation for 250 d and exhibited 60 times higher stability compared to the state‐of‐the‐art devices under continuous 1 sun illumination in ambient air.     

ortho‐Oxygenative 1,2‐Difunctionalization of Diarylalkynes under Merged Gold/Organophotoredox Relay Catalysis

Reported herein is an ortho‐oxygenative 1,2‐difunctionalization of diarylalkynes under merged gold/organophotoredox catalysis to access highly functionalized 2‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐2‐alkoxy‐1‐arylethan‐1‐ones. Detailed mechanistic studies suggested a relay process, initiating with gold‐catalyzed hydroalkoxylation of alkynes, to generate enol‐ether followed by a key formal [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction. The successful application of the present methodology was also shown for the synthesis of benzofurans.     

Metal 2-ethylhexanoates and related compounds as useful precursors in materials science

This critical review deals with the chemistry and applications of metal alkanoates with medium size (C5 to C12) carbon chain length. A particular emphasis is given to metal 2-ethylhexanoates, which find wide applications as metal-organic precursors in materials science, as catalysts for ring opening polymerizations and also in painting industries for their properties as driers. After a brief introduction and an overview of synthesis, structural and physico-chemical properties, this article discuses extensively the applications of these compounds in materials science. Finally, it identifies and signifies the areas for future research in the looking ahead section. The aim of this review is to bridge the areas of precursor's chemistry and materials science by providing a reference text for researchers working either in or at the interface of these two areas (125 references).     

Electrostatic analysis for designing of efficient discharge cell structures in AC plasma displays

The high luminous efficacy of plasma display demands high luminance at reduced discharge power. The discharge power can be reduced by several steps, one of them being reduction of gas breakdown voltage. In this paper, improved discharge cell structures are introduced that favor reduction of the gas breakdown voltage. The simulated electric field profiles for these structures indicate the low voltage requirement with increased electric field concentration in the discharge gap. The experimental measurements of breakdown voltage and discharge delay time in the test panels also support the simulation results. The important features of these discharge cell structures are discussed.     

Leveraging AI-enabled 6G-driven IoT for sustainable smart cities

Many scholastic researches have begun around the globe about the competitive technological interventions like 5G communication networks and its challenges. The incipient technology of 6G networks has emerged to facilitate ultrareliable and low-latency applications for sustainable smart cities which are infeasible with the existing 4G/5G standards. Therefore, the advanced technologies like machine learning (ML), block chain, and Internet of Things (IoT) utilizing 6G network are leveraged to develop cost-efficient mechanisms to address the issues of excess communication overhead in the present state of the art. Initially, the authors discussed the key vision of 6G communication technologies, its core technologies (such as visible light communication [VLC] and THz), and the existing issues with the existing network generations (such as 5G and 4G). A detailed analysis of benefits, challenges, and applications of blockchain-enabled IoT devices with application verticals like Smart city, smart factory plus, automation, and XR that form the key highlights for 6G wireless communication network is also presented. In addition, the key applications and latest research of artificial intelligence (AI) in 6G are discussed facilitating the dynamic spectrum allocation mechanism and mobile edge computing. Lastly, an in-depth study of the existing open issues and challenges in green 6G communication network technology, as well as review of solutions and potential research recommendations are also presented.