Age Replacement In Simple Systems With Increasing Loss Functions

Some age replacement policies are investigated and conditions for the unique existence of an optimum policy are derived. The optimum policy is the one which minimizes the expected cost per unit time over an infinite time span or maximizes the proportion of time during which the system is in operation. Losses have been expressed through increasing operating cost, if the objective is to minimize the expected total cost per unit time and through increasing renewal times if the objective is to maximize the availability of the system.     

Observations on the nuclear interactions of cosmic ray pions and nucleons at energies ≳ 20 GeV

Detailed features of extremely collimated nuclear interactions induced by cosmic ray particles in carbon and brass (belonging to group I as classified in Part I of this series of papers) are presented. These extremely collimated nuclear interactions seem to be preferentially induced by pions rather than by nucleons; also the relative frequency of these seems to be less when brass is used as target compared to the case with carbon as target. The distribution of multiplicities of secondary particles emitted in the forward direction show certain regularities in the case of interactions induced by charged primaries. Observations on the γ-rays associated with these events give support to the interpretation that in these inelastic collisions pions are produced in pairs in the forward direction with low transverse momentum. It is suggested that such a low energy di-pion system could be the same as found in the so-called ABC effect.     

Complex two-unit system with preventive maintenance

A two-unit warm standby redundant system with repair and preventive maintenance is considered. The pdf of the life time of a unit while in standby is assumed to be Erlangian. The pdfs of all the other random variables are arbitrary. Identifying suitable regeneration points, expressions for the Laplace transforms of the availability and reliability of the system are derived.     

A complex two unit system

This paper discusses the availability of a two-unit standby redundant repairable system in which the pdf of the life time of the online unit depends on the time it has spent in the standby state before it is switched online. Explicit expressions for the Laplace transforms of the availability and reliability of the system are obtained by identifying suitable regeneration points.

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Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Verfügbarkeit eines redundanten 2-Komponentensystems mit heißer Reserve und Reparatur betrachtet. -Die Lebensdauerverteilung der Betriebskomponente hängt von der Länge der Zeit ab, die sie vorher als Reservekomponente verbracht hat. Es werden explizite Ausdrücke der Laplacetransformierten für die Verfügbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit des Systems ermittelt, indem geeignete Regenerationspunkte verwendet werden.

     

Die Zuverlässigkeit eines Systems mit redundanten störanfälligen Komponenten und Reparaturmöglichkeiten

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Zuverlässigkeit eines Systems mit mehreren redundanten Einheiten untersucht, bei dem nicht nur die tätige Einheit, sondern auch die Reserveeinheiten ausfallen und bei dem gestörte Einheiten repariert werden können. Es wird vorausgesetzt, daß die Reparaturzeiten und die Lebensdauern der Reserveeinheiten exponentialverteilt sind, während die Betriebsdauern der tätigen Einheiten, unabhängig von ihrem Alter beim Einsatz, beliebig verteilt sind.Unter diesen Voraussetzungen werden die mittlere Zeit bis zum Ausfall des Systems und die langfristige Verfügbarkeit des Systems explizit für den Fall dreier Einheiten bestimmt.Am Beispiel doppel-exponentialverteilter Betriebsdauern werden die Abhängigkeit dieser Größen von der Reparaturgeschwindigkeit untersucht und die optimale Reparaturrate bestimmt.

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Summary We consider the reliability of a repairable system with several stand-by redundant units, where not only the working unit but also the spares are subject to failure. We assume, that repair-times and life-times of spares are exponentially distributed, whereas the time to failure of a working unit is — independent of its age at the time of switch-on — arbitrarily distributed.Using these assumptions, we derive the expected time to system-failure and the steady-state availability explicitely for the case of three redundant units. The example of double-exponentially distributed working-times is used to examine the dependancy of these characteristics on repair-times, and to calculate the optimal repair-rate.

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Diese Arbeit wurde durch den Sonderforschungsbereich 21 — ökonometrie und Unternehmensforschung — und ein Stipendium der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung gefördert.     

Pulse oximetry theory and calibration for low saturations

Pulse oximetry is a widely used technique in biomedical optics, but currently available pulse oximeters rely on empirical calibration approaches, which perform poorly at low saturations. We present an exact solution for pulse oximetry and show how this can be used as the basis for the development of a semiempirical calibration approach that may be useful, especially at low saturations and variable probe geometries. This new approach was experimentally tested against traditional empirical calibration techniques on transmission pulse oximetry for monitoring of fetal sheep using a minimally invasive spiral probe. The results open the way for the development of more accurate pulse oximetry.     

Finite segmentp-adic number systems with applications to exact computation

Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences - A fractional weighted number system, based on Hensel’sp-adic number system, is proposed for constructing a unique code (called Hensel’s code) for...     

Origin of charge density wave formation in insulators from a high resolution photoemission study of BaIrO3

We investigate the origin of charge density wave (CDW) formation in insulators by studying BaIrO3 using high-resolution (1.4 meV) photoemission spectroscopy. The spectra reveal the existence of localized density of states at the Fermi level, E(F), in the vicinity of room temperature. These localized states are found to vanish as the temperature is lowered, thereby, opening a soft gap at E(F), as a consequence of CDW transition. In addition, the energy dependence of the spectral density of states reveals the importance of magnetic interactions, rather than well-known Coulomb repulsion effect, in determining the electronic structure thereby implying a close relationship between ferromagnetism and CDW observed in this compound. Also, Ba core level spectra surprisingly exhibit an unusual behavior prior to CDW transition.