一种基于熵源分离模型的可重构安全原语

在信息爆炸时代,信息的安全问题受到了广泛关注。在物联网设备的加密协议中,物理不可克隆函数(PUF)与真随机数发生器成为加密协议中基本的安全原语,提供了轻量级的解决方案。文章提出了一种熵源分离模型,能够分离环形振荡器中抖动(真随机数发生器的熵)和工艺偏差(PUF熵)引起的延时。基于该模型,在FPGA上设计了一种可重构的双工作模式电路,通过改变模式可分别生成PUF和真随机数。相较于FPGA上独立设计的PUF和真随机数发生器,该结构具有资源开销小、面积利用率高、功耗低等优势。实验结果表明,生成的PUF稳定性高、唯一性强、均匀性好;真随机数序列均通过了NIST测试,具有高随机性和不可预测性。     

基于ZnO@rGO/PVDF柔性复合薄膜的压电纳米发电机

采用简单的一步水热法合成了自支撑的氧化锌纳米棒(ZnO NRs)@还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合材料,通过旋涂法制备ZnO@rGO/聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)柔性复合薄膜压电纳米发电机。研究结果表明,ZnO@rGO/PVDF柔性复合薄膜压电纳米发电机的输出性能随ZnO@rGO掺杂质量先增大后减小,当ZnO@rGO的质量分数为3.0%时,输出电压可达9.06 V,输出电流可达0.74μA,与仅掺杂3.0%ZnO NRs的ZnO/PVDF纳米发电机相比,其输出电压和电流分别提高了120%和124%。当负载电阻为10 MΩ时,ZnO@rGO/PVDF柔性复合薄膜压电纳米发电机输出功率最大为5.79μW。经过4 000次循环测试表明,该文所制备ZnO@rGO/PVDF柔性复合薄膜压电纳米发电机的输出性能稳定。该纳米发电机可以监测人体行走和跑步姿势,记录运动次数。有望作为自供电压力传感器件植入可穿戴电子设备中。     

基于软模法制备1-3型压电复合材料及高频医用超声换能器

高频医用超声成像技术因其高空间分辨率而被广泛应用于人体组织的精细结构观察,其中高频超声换能器的核心材料是1-3型压电复合材料。采用软模板法直接烧结了锆钛酸铅(PZT)压电微柱阵列,进而制备PZT/环氧1-3型压电复合材料,并对其进行了微观结构观察和电学性能表征。材料微观结构完整,机电耦合系数达到0.64。采用此复合材料制备了中心频率为20 MHz的高频超声换能器。采用脉冲回波法对换能器进行了性能和声场测试,并利用其对人体皮肤进行了超声成像,换能器的插入损耗、带宽分别为13.1 dB和84.2%。结果表明,软模法制备的1-3型压电复合材料能使高频超声换能器兼具低插入损耗和大带宽,这为高性能高频医用超声换能器提供了一种低成本、高效率的商业化制备方法。     

基于频率解调的半球谐振陀螺控制系统设计

与力平衡模式相比,半球谐振陀螺的全角模式具有测量范围大及线性度高等优点。该文针对现有全角模式解调方案里驻波方位角计算过程中存在的精度损失,以及输出对温度变化敏感等问题,以行波线性叠加原理为基础,提出基于顺时针、逆时针行波同步频率解调的半球谐振子驻波信息解算方法。设计基于频率解调的全角模式半球谐振陀螺多回路控制方法,实现驻波的频率、幅度及正交控制。针对现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)电路算法优化难及浮点运算精度低等问题,设计并实现了现场可编程门阵列+数字信号处理(FPGA+DSP)双核心半球谐振陀螺数字控制电路。通过实物实验验证了该文提出的控制方案及数字控制电路的有效性。实验结果表明,此方法可减小由温度波动引起的谐振频率改变对陀螺输出的影响。     

基于TW3-C RUS法的骨龄评估方法研究

经典TW3-C RUS (Tanner and Whitehouse 3-Chinese RUS)法将手骨的关键骨骺区域严格划分为9个等级,未充分考虑骨骺发育的连续性,导致骨龄评估存在一定误差。针对该问题,本文提出一种基于TW3-C RUS法的改进骨龄评估方法。采用阈值法的思想,动态选择网络模型输出的前N个等级概率值,并将前N个概率值作为权值计算手骨的加权得分,降低由于手骨单一等级判定引起的误差。针对网络模型冗余问题,采用跨阶段局部网络(cross stage partial network, CSP-Net)轻量化深度残差网络(residual network 50,Resnext50)。实验表明,改进后的方法对男性骨龄评估的平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)为0.421 4岁,女性MAE为0.412 8岁,相比于经典TW3-C RUS法,骨龄评估准确率有明显提升。轻量化后的网络模型参数量为46.28 MB,相比Resnext50网络模型有明显降低。     

基于自注意力机制和CycleGAN的高分三号ScanSAR图像的扇贝效应抑制

高分三号卫星是我国首颗分辨率达到1 m的C波段 多极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR) 卫星,其中扫描 式合成孔径雷达(scan synthetic aperture radar,ScanSAR)模式是高分三号卫星重要的工 作模式之一,由于该模式的工作机制导致生成的图像可能发生扇贝效应,一般呈现为明暗相 间的条纹。本文针对高分三号卫星ScanSAR模式下存在的扇贝效应,提出自注意力机制与循 环一致对抗网络(cycle-consistent adversarial networks,CycleGAN)结合的模型对Scan S AR图像进行处理,从而抑制扇贝效应产生的条纹现象。本文所示方法与传统扇贝效应抑制方 法和深度学习相关算法进行比较,并通过亮度均值、平均梯度等指标进行分析。实验结果表 明,本文方法可以对高分三号ScanSAR图像存在的扇贝效应进行较好的处理,有效抑制图像 的条纹现象,使得图像质量得到提升,具有较大的实用意义。     

低电平扫描电流高强辐射场试验方法研究

低电平扫描电流试验(LLSC)是飞机高强辐射场(HIRF)试验的一部分,其实质是在2~400 MHz 频段 内对飞机进行电磁辐照,以确定外部HIRF 环境与设备线束感应电流之间的传递函数。基于RTCA/ DO-160G 和SAE ARP5583A 标准建立HIRF 测试环境,通过对AC312E 直升机开展低电平扫描电流试验,得到了线束传递函数随频 率、天线极化方式、电磁辐照方向、线束布置的变化规律并分析了其影响机理。结果表明:发射天线以不同极化方式 辐照机体时,不同布置的线束其传递函数有一定差别;发射天线以垂直极化在0°方向辐照时,行李舱附近右发动机 控制单元(EECUR)线束的传递函数比位于驾驶舱的座舱显示器(MFD)线束的传递函数要小;发射天线以垂直极化 方式在不同方向辐照机体时,EECUR 线束在某些频段下在右侧90°方向辐照比左侧270°方向辐照的传递函数要大。 所得结论可为直升机适航符合性验证和低电平扫描电流试验的开展提供参考与支撑。     

The Heterointerface between Fe1/NC and Selenides Boosts Reversible Oxygen Electrocatalysis

The rational design and construction of efficient and inexpensive bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts are highly desirable for the development of rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Although single-atom Fe sites anchored on N-doped carbon catalysts (Fe₁/NC) ensure high oxygen reduction reaction activity, their unitary atomically dispersed active center faces difficult condition in catalyzing oxygen evolution reaction simultaneously. Herein, a composite catalyst containing heterointerface between Fe₁/NC and selenides ((Fe,Co)Se₂) is constructed. The obtained (Fe,Co)Se₂@Fe₁/NC exhibits extremely narrow potential gap of 0.616 V and remarkable stability in alkaline media, outperforming the benchmark catalysts (Pt/C+RuO₂: 0.720 V). Experimental results and density functional theory calculations reveal that heterointerface between Fe₁/NC and (Fe,Co)Se₂ accelerates the electron transfer and provides more moderate adsorption sites, which endow (Fe,Co)Se₂@Fe₁/NC with extremely high bifunctional oxygen catalytic activity. This study not only provides a superior bifunctional catalyst for ZABs, but also enriches the application of single-atom catalysts in multifunctional energy storage and conversion devices.     

Incombustible Polymer Electrolyte Boosting Safety of Solid-State Lithium Batteries: A Review

Lithium-ion batteries with their portability, high energy density, and reusability are frequently used in today's world. Under extreme conditions, lithium-ion batteries leak, burn, and even explode. Therefore, improving the safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a focus of attention. Researchers believe using a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one can solve the lithium battery safety issue. Due to the low price, good processability and high safety of the solid polymer electrolytes, increasing attention have been paid to them. However, polymer electrolytes can also decompose and burn under extreme conditions. Moreover, lithium dendrites are formed continuously due to the uneven charge distribution on the surface of the lithium metal anode. A short circuit caused by a lithium dendrite can cause the battery to thermal runaway. As a result, the safety of polymer solid-state batteries remains a challenge. In this review, the thermal runaway mechanism of the batteries is summarized, and the batteries abuse test standard is introduced. In addition, the recent works on the high-safety polymer electrolytes and the solution strategies of lithium anode problems in polymer batteries are reviewed. Finally, the development direction of safe polymer solid lithium batteries is prospected.     

Optical Design of Silica Aerogels for On-Demand Thermal Management

Silica aerogels, a type of porous material featuring extra low density and thermal conductivity, have drawn increasing interest from both academia and industry owing to their excellent thermal insulation performance. However, thermal insulation is always the single consideration when silica aerogels are used for thermal management. In this study, the on-demand thermal management (ODTM) of silica aerogel with either passive thermal insulation, passive heating, or passive cooling in different environments is revealed. The ODTM behavior of silica aerogels can be simply fulfilled through their optical property variations such as solar light transparency and infrared emissivity, which are controllable via the microstructures of the building blocks and surface composition design. Robust solar heating of 25 °C higher than the ambient in the daytime and sub-ambient cooling of 7 °C at night is achieved with the traditional transparent silica aerogel. Interestingly, sub-ambient cooling of 5 °C in the daytime and a warmer state on cold nights is achieved by modifying its solar transmittance and infrared emissivity. This study guides a comprehensive understanding of the thermal management behavior of silica aerogels and leads to ODTM applications of silica aerogels by tailoring their optical and thermal conductivity properties.