全文获取类型
收费全文 | 379850篇 |
免费 | 3497篇 |
国内免费 | 1179篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 165505篇 |
晶体学 | 5377篇 |
力学 | 15593篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
数学 | 38532篇 |
物理学 | 109908篇 |
无线电 | 49604篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 3539篇 |
2020年 | 3801篇 |
2019年 | 4265篇 |
2018年 | 5748篇 |
2017年 | 5887篇 |
2016年 | 8096篇 |
2015年 | 4415篇 |
2014年 | 7719篇 |
2013年 | 17161篇 |
2012年 | 13155篇 |
2011年 | 15743篇 |
2010年 | 12042篇 |
2009年 | 12504篇 |
2008年 | 15190篇 |
2007年 | 15687篇 |
2006年 | 14575篇 |
2005年 | 12811篇 |
2004年 | 11979篇 |
2003年 | 10736篇 |
2002年 | 10629篇 |
2001年 | 12327篇 |
2000年 | 9586篇 |
1999年 | 7656篇 |
1998年 | 6607篇 |
1997年 | 6418篇 |
1996年 | 5942篇 |
1995年 | 5236篇 |
1994年 | 5150篇 |
1993年 | 4999篇 |
1992年 | 5438篇 |
1991年 | 5533篇 |
1990年 | 5242篇 |
1989年 | 4968篇 |
1988年 | 4647篇 |
1987年 | 4436篇 |
1986年 | 4116篇 |
1985年 | 5147篇 |
1984年 | 5187篇 |
1983年 | 4317篇 |
1982年 | 4323篇 |
1981年 | 4024篇 |
1980年 | 3911篇 |
1979年 | 4154篇 |
1978年 | 4125篇 |
1977年 | 4114篇 |
1976年 | 4065篇 |
1975年 | 3880篇 |
1974年 | 3777篇 |
1973年 | 3818篇 |
1972年 | 2731篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
992.
993.
The distribution of the lifetime (MTTF) of any consecutive k -within-m -out-of-n :F system, with independent exponentially distributed component lifetimes, is shown to be a convex combination of the distributions (MTTFs) of several convolutions of independent random variables, where each convolution represents a distinct path in the evolution of the system's history, and where in each convolution all but the last random variable is exponential. The last random variable in each convolution is either a zero lifetime or the lifetime of several disjoint consecutive k i within m i-out-of-n :F systems in series with each k i<k , each m i<m , and each n i<n . This enables the calculations to proceed recursively. Calculations are facilitated by the symmetric nature of the convex combination 相似文献
994.
Morgan R.A. Hibbs-Brenner M.K. Marta T.M. Walterson R.A. Bounnak S. Kalweit E.L. Lehman J.A. 《Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE》1995,7(5):441-443
We report record temperature and wavelength range attained using MOVPE-grown AlGaAs vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's). Unbonded continuous-wave lasing is achieved at temperatures up to 200°C from these top-emitting VCSEL's and operation over a 96-nm wavelength regime near 850 nm is also achieved from the same nominal design. Temperature and wavelength insensitive operation is also demonstrated; threshold current is controlled to within a factor of 2 (2.5-5 mA) for a wavelength range exceeding 50 nm and to within ±30% (5-10 mA) for a temperature range of 190°C at 870 nm 相似文献
995.
C.J. Lu H.M. Shen S.B. Ren Y.N. Wang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1997,65(4-5):395-401
3 thin films is systematically studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The PbTiO3 thin films with different average grain sizes were prepared on various substrates by a sol-gel process. The films on NaCl
and fused glass are randomly grain-oriented, while those on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si are highly {100} cubic index grain-oriented . It is found from the XRD patterns of the films on NaCl that with decreasing
average grain size from 230 to 80 nm, the intensities of high h index (h>l) peaks (hkl), such as (100), (110), (200), (201),
(210), (211), etc., decrease rapidly and ultimately disappear, whereas another set of peaks (lkh), including (001), (002),
(102), (112), etc., are still intense. This interesting result suggests that at grain size below a certain critical size an
increasing number of grains no longer show 90°-domains, which is confirmed by TEM observations. Meanwhile, X-ray evidence
of such a grain-size-related absence of 90°-domains is also found for PbTiO3 films on Pt(111) and fused-glass substrates. The volume fractions of single-domain grains (without 90°-domains) in the films
are estimated from their XRD patterns. By combining SEM and TEM investigations, the critical grain size for the formation
of 90°-domains is further determined to be near 200 nm.
Received: 19 December 1996/Accepted: 24 March 1997 相似文献
996.
S. V. Bulyarskii N. A. Butylkina N. S. Grushko A. E. Luk'yanov M. V. Nazarov I. O. Stepin 《Russian Physics Journal》1991,34(4):339-342
Latent macroscopic defects in silicon are detected by electrical and electron microscope measurements. They lead to anomalous temperature dependence of the Fermi level position and growth in the hole capture coefficient. A level with energy of 0.55 eV measured from the conduction zone controls the recombination process. It is proposed that macroscopic defects develop upon association of oxygen-silicon vacancy complexes. Action of an electron beam leads to reversible changes which increase upon multiple scanning, affecting the value of the diffusion length.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 71–75, April, 1991. 相似文献
997.
Buso S. Mattavelli P. Rossetto L. Spiazzi G. 《Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on》1998,13(5):814-823
This paper presents the practical implementation of a fully digital control for boost power factor preregulators (PFPs). The control algorithm, which is simple and fast, provides a significant improvement in the system's dynamic performance compared to the usual analog control techniques. The paper discusses the design criteria and the actions taken for the implementation of the digital control, which is performed by means of a standard microcontroller (Siemens 80C166). The effectiveness of the approach is assessed by experimental tests 相似文献
998.
Chao C.-J. Wong S.-C. Chen M.-J. Liew B.-K. 《Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on》1998,11(4):615-623
Interconnect parasitic parameters in integrated circuits have significant impact on circuit speed. An accurate monitoring of these parameters can help to improve interconnect performance during process development, provide information for circuit design, or give useful reference for circuit failure analysis. Existing extraction methods either are destructive (such as SEM measurement) or can determine only partial parasitic parameters (such as large capacitor measurement). In this paper, we present a new method for extracting interconnect parasitic parameters, which can simultaneously determine the interlayer and intralayer capacitances, line resistance, and effective line width. The method is based on two test patterns of the same structure with different dimensions. The structure consumes less wafer area than existing methods. The method shows good agreement with SEM measurement of dielectric thickness in both nonglobal planarized and chemical-mechanical polished processes, and gives accurate prediction of the process spread of a ring oscillator speed over a wafer 相似文献
999.
Monolithic rat-race mixers for millimeter waves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matsuura H. Tezuka K. Aoki I. Yamanaka M. Kobayashi S. Fujita T. Miura A. 《Microwave Theory and Techniques》1998,46(6):839-841
In this paper, we report on fully monolithic millimeter-wave Schottky-barrier diode (SBD) down-converters with an IF amplifier using heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). A rat-race circuit is used for the mixer, and is analyzed using a harmonic-balance simulator. The measured conversion gain and the isolation are 7.1 and 29 dB in the V-band design, and 8.0 and 25 dB in the W-band design, respectively. The conversion gains are matched well with the circuit simulation 相似文献
1000.
Yu. I. Golovin R. B. Morgunov M. B. Badylevich S. Z. Shmurak 《Physics of the Solid State》1997,39(8):1232-1234
Observations indicate that illuminating NaCl crystals by ultraviolet light (λ=350 nm) suppresses the magnetoplastic effect. The processes induced by illumination take place in a subsystem of point defects
and are related to a change in the state of magnetically sensitive dislocation pinning sites.
Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1389–1391 (1996) 相似文献