A search for charmed particles originating from the interactions of 300 GeV/c protons in emulsion nuclei

The associated production of charmed particles by the interactions of 300 GeV/c protons with complex nuclei has been sought using nuclear emulsions. The failure to observe any candidates for this process among some 60,000 interactions investigated implies, provided charmed particles lifetimes are in the range 10^?12 to 10^?14 s, a cross section for their associated production by the interactions of 300 GeV/c protons with nucleons of less than 1.5 microbarns at a 90% confidence level.     

The effect of a nonlinear temperature dependent Prandtl-number on heat transfer of fully developed flow of liquids in a straight tube

If Nu_o is the Nusselt Number for a temperature-independent Prandtl number Pr, and Nu the Nusselt number for a temperature dependent Prandtl number, it is usual to define the correction factor Nu/Nu_o=C. A correction factor which has been defined in this form has, up to now, only been expressed as a function of two characteristic Pr numbers. Thus it was simply assumed that the Pr number was a linear function of the temperature. Fluids with very large Pr numbers show a (T;Pr) relationship which deviates considerably from a linear one. This leads to a very large difference (up to 70%) between the calculated and the measured values of the Nusselt number. In the following study we shall determine a so-called curvature parameter of the (T;Pr) curve and obtain a semi-empirical formula for C. This formula has a deviation from the actual relationship many times smaller than that of the formulae for a linear (T;Pr) relationship.

---

Zusammenfassung Ist Nu_o die Nusseltzahl bei temperaturunabhangiger und Nu die Nusseltzahl bei temperaturabhangiger Prandtlzahl Pr, so ist es üblich, mit Nu/Nu_o=C den Korrekturfaktor zu bezeichnen. Ein in dieser Form definierter Faktor C ist bisher als Funktion nur zweier charakteristischer Pr-Zahlen ausgedrückt worden. Es wurde somit nur eine lineare Abhängigkeit von der Pr-Zahl von der Temperatur T vorausgesetzt. Flüssigkeiten mit großen Pr-Zahlen weisen eine (T;Pr)-Charakteristik auf, die sehr stark von der linearen abweicht. Sehr große Abweichungen (bis — 70%) der gerechneten von den gemessenen Nu-Zahlen sind eine Folge davon. In vorliegender Arbeit bilden wir mit einer dritten charakteristischen Pr-Zahl einen sogenannten Krümmungsparameter der Kurve (T;Pr) und leiten eine semiempirische Formel für C ab, die um ein großes Vielfaches kleinere Fehler aufweist, als die Formeln für den linearen (T;Pr)-Verlauf.

---

Nomenclature

Material constants c_p specific heat at constant pressure [J/kgK] - k heat conductivity [W/mK] - density [kg/m³] - a temperature diffusivity, a=k/c_p [m²/s] - dynamic viscosity [Ns/m²] - kinematic viscosity [m²/s] Fluid dynamics D inner diameter of the tube [m] - L length of tube [m] - w mean speed of fluid [m/s] Heat transfer h coefficient of heat transfer [W/m²K] - T absolute temperature [K] - T_b bulk temperature (corresponding to the adiabatic mixing temperature) [K] - T_w tube wall temperature [K] - T_f=(T_b+T_w)/2 film temperature [K] - T=T_b-T_w temperature forcing difference of heat transfer [K] Characteristic quantities without dimensions Re=wD/ Reynolds number - Pr=/a Prandtl number - Nu=hD/k Nusselt number - related temperature - related Prandtl number - curvature parameter of the Prandtl number Various - C=Nu_b/Nu_o correction factor according to Eq.(5) - p exponent in Eq.(6), (a), (8) and (16) Indices o corresponding to the quasi-isothermal heat transfer - b,w,f with reference to quantities, including physical properties which correspond to the temperatures T_b, T_wor T_f - Pr,k,, for quantities calculated corresponding to the Prandtl number, the thermal conductivity coefficient, the density or the dynamic viscosity - H,C for heating or cooling exp for quantities calculated from experimental data     

Estimation of dynamical invariants without embedding by recurrence plots

In this paper we show that two dynamical invariants, the second order Renyi entropy and the correlation dimension, can be estimated from recurrence plots (RPs) with arbitrary embedding dimension and delay. This fact is interesting as these quantities are even invariant if no embedding is used. This is an important advantage of RPs compared to other techniques of nonlinear data analysis. These estimates for the correlation dimension and entropy are robust and, moreover, can be obtained at a low numerical cost. We exemplify our results for the Rossler system, the funnel attractor and the Mackey-Glass system. In the last part of the paper we estimate dynamical invariants for data from some fluid dynamical experiments and confirm previous evidence for low dimensional chaos in this experimental system.     

Rheological studies of concentrated guar gum

Polymers and surfactants are essential ingredients of the printing paste. Polysaccharides are used commercially to thicken, suspend or stabilise aqueous systems. Also they are used to produce gels and to act as flocculates, binders, lubricants, to serve as modifiers of film properties, and have a function as adjusters of rheological parameters. Surfactants, on the other hand, perform numerous functions acting as dispersants, wetting agents, emulsifiers and antifoaming agents. The rheological properties of polysaccharide thickeners (guar gums with different substitution levels and different producers) at different concentrations and temperatures and, second, the effects produced by the addition of nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene stearyl alcohols with different numbers of EO groups) have been studied under linear and nonlinear shear conditions. Experimental data have been correlated with the different models: flow curves with the Cross, Carreau and Meter-Bird model, and mechanical spectra with the generalized Maxwell model and Friedrich-Braun model. The surface tensions of aqueous systems containing polysaccharide and/or surfactants have been determined over extended concentration ranges in order to detect the CMC conditions and to provide a better understanding about the polysaccharide-surfactant interactions.     

Material processing with pulsed radially and azimuthally polarized laser radiation

We report on the generation of radially and azimuthally polarized Q-switched laser radiation and its application in material processing. The power levels were sufficiently high to study micro-hole drilling in different metals. Depending on the optical properties of the metal, either radial or azimuthal polarization shows the best efficiency and the effect is attributed to waveguiding. For steel, a comparison to linearly or circularly polarized laser radiation indicates that the doughnut-shaped beam with azimuthal polarization is the most energy-efficient in producing holes of the same diameter and depth. PACS 79.20.Ds; 29.27.Hj; 81.05.Bx     

Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation of polyfluorene thin films

Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PF8) thin films have been deposited by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) using a KrF excimer laser. The influence of the laser fluence (50-500 mJ/cm²) and the nature of the solvent (chloroform, toluene, tetrahydrofuran) on the films properties have been studied. The chemical composition of the deposited films was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared with the one of spin coated films. To investigate the effect of the deposition parameters on the optical properties of the films, photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed. Poor structural and optical properties were observed for films deposited starting from chloroform solutions. When using toluene as solvent, the spectra characteristics improved with increasing laser fluence, while wide PL spectra were observed. The characteristic emission bands of the PF8 polymer were nicely detected for films deposited starting from a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. Moreover, in this last case, the PF8 structure is preserved at high laser fluences, too.     

Excess Molar Volumes of (Methyl Ethanoate + 1-Chlorooctane + an n-Alkane) Ternary Mixtures and Their Constituent Binaries at 25°C

Excess molar volumes, at the temperature 25°C and atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range, are reported for the following binary mixtures: methyl ethanoate + (n-octane, n-decane); methyl ethanoate + 1-chlorooctane; 1-chlorooctane + (n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane); and for the ternary mixtures methyl ethanoate + 1-chlorooctane + (n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane). The values of excess molar volumes were calculated from density and composition results. The excess volumes were utilized to test the multiproperty group-contribution model of Nitta et al. using parameter sets available in the literature. Experimental results from ternary mixtures have also been compared to predictions from several empirical and semiempirical models, which utilize, exclusively, results from binary mixtures.     

A new algorithm for NMR spectral normalization.

There is increasing use of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to examine variations in cell metabolism and/or structure in response to numerous physical, chemical, and biological agents. In these types of studies, in order to obtain relative quantitative information, a comparison between signal intensities of control samples and treated or exposed ones is often conducted. The methods thus far developed for this purpose are not directly related to the overall intrinsic properties of the samples, but rather to the addition of external substances of known concentrations or to indirect measurement of internal substances. In this paper, a new method for quantitatively comparing the spectra of cell samples is presented. It depends on a normalization algorithm which takes into consideration all cell metabolites present in the sample. In particular, the algorithm is based on maximizing, by an opportune sign variable measure, the spectral region in which the two spectra are superimposed. The algorithm was tested by Monte Carlo simulations as well as experimentally by comparing two samples of known contents with the new method and with an older method using a standard. At the end, the algorithm was applied to real spectra of cell samples to show how it could be used to obtain qualitative and quantitative biological information.