Topical Problems in Elemental Analysis of Advanced Ceramic Materials

Selected prominent problems in the analysis of advanced ceramic materials are surveyed. The importance of reliability of results is discussed in the field of elemental trace- and microanalysis in view of its interaction with economy, power of detection, local resolution and speciation selectivity. Particular problems in the analysis of major constituents, trace components and microlocal distributions are based on the striking propertics of ceramics; they are exemplified. Analytical assistance must start from the beginning of the production processing, in the preparation of the powdered base materials. Determination of the stoichiometry requires high accuracy and differentiation of chemical species in bulk and surface analysis of ceramic base powders. Element trace determination by direct instrumental methods requires standard reference materials for calibration; these are currently inavailable in a sufficient variety. For optimum reliability and power of detection, element traces must be prepared in isolated form in a small excitation volume for analysis. A review on the state-of-the-art of wet-chemical combined procedures is presented. Decomposition position procedures are emphasized, due to their risk of contributing severe systematic error. Combustion in elementary fluorine is presented for decomposition of refractory materials. The performance of some direct procedures is discussed. Very efficient methods are available for element trace determinations in ceramic materials, offering high detection power. Several approaches for high-resolution local microanalysis in non-conductive ceramic materials are identified as the most promising development in the analysis of sintered compact ceramic products and devices.     

A maximum likelihood estimator to distinguish single molecules by their fluorescence decays

We have developed a maximum likelihood estimator to distinguish between similar molecules at the single molecule level based upon fluorescence decay measurements. Time resolved fluorescence measurements for single Rhodamine 6G and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate molecules in fluid flow are derived from time-correlated single photon counting. A maximum likelihood estimator is developed and applied to data from a mixture of molecules. Single molecules are identified and distinguished by their fluorescence time decays. Comparison is made between identification error rates and theoretical predictions. To our knowledge, this is the first reported example of single molecule identification by fluorescence decay in a mixture.     

Boride-based nano-laminates with MAX-phase-like behaviour

MAX-phases being usually composed of transition metals, group A elements and carbon/nitrogen are considered interesting materials for many applications because of their tremendous bulk modulus, “reversible” plasticity, and machinability. This is mainly due to their unique kind of bonding comprising covalent, ionic as well as metallic bonds providing “easy” planes of rupture and deformability due to the layered crystal structures.In transition metal boride systems, similar types of bonding are available. In particular the W₂B₅-structure type and its stacking variations allow the synthesis of strongly layered crystal structures exhibiting unique delamination phenomena.The paper presents ab initio calculations showing the similarities of bonding between the ternary carbides and the corresponding ternary or quaternary borides. Formation of boride-based nano-laminates from auxiliary liquid phases, from the melt as well as during sintering and precipitation from supersaturated solid solutions will be discussed by means of SEM and TEM studies. The role of impurities weakening the interlayer bonding will be addressed in particular. The pronounced cleavage parallel to the basal plane gives rise for crack deflection and pull-out mechanisms if the laminates are dispersed in brittle matrices such as boron carbide, silicon carbide or other transition metal borides.     

Synthesis of functional Δ-1,3,5-oxazaphospholene and 2H-1,4,2-diazaphosphole complexes via catalytic ring expansion reactions of a 2H-azaphosphirene complex

Catalytically-induced ring expansion of 2H-azaphosphirene complex 1 using ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate and acetone (2), diethylketone (3), cyclohexanone (4), benzaldehyde (5) or para-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (6) furnished selectively the Δ³-1,3,5-oxazaphospholene complexes 7-11, whereas with ortho- and para-hydroxy- or ortho- and para-amino-substituted benzonitriles the 2H-1,4,2-diazaphosphole complexes 16-19 were obtained. Two further findings are noteworthy: (1) The significant decreased reaction time in the case of the sterically more demanding carbonyl derivatives 2-4 and (2) the formation of diastereomers in the case of 10 and 11 with a ratio of 8:1 and 9:1, respectively. All products were characterized by NMR, MS and elemental analysis and the configuration of complexes 7 and 10a were determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis.     

Delta-electron emission in fast heavy ion — atom collisions: observations of new phenomena and breakdown of common scaling laws

Double differential cross sections for the emission of Delta-electrons have been measured in fast uranium-rare gas collisions. The well-known Binary Encounter peak reveals unexpected structures for certain observation angles and its intensity increases towards smaller angles, which is in contradiction to results and scaling laws obtained by experiments with light ion impact. The observed dependencies are fairly well described by recent calculations in the framework of IA and CTMC. From systematic experimental as well as theoretical studies we can derive that the potential of the partially stripped projectile ion gives rise to rainbow and glory scattering of the target electron in the field of the projectile. The rainbow scattering is observed in the laboratory frame as pronounced interference structures, whereas the glory scattering is responsible for the steep increase of the cross sections for binary-encounter electrons towards small laboratory ejection angles. The observed effects have a dramatic influence on the commonq ² scaling laws derived from experiments with light ions. Furthermore, since the binary-encounter electrons ejected at forward angles have approximately twice the projectile velocity, these new phenomena have an important influence on the electronic stopping power of heavy ions and therefore have to be taken into account for the investigation of radiation damage by these ions e.g. in biological matter.     

Analysis of Toxic Aluminium Species in Natural Waters

Aluminium is known to be toxic to a wide range of aquatic organisms under certain conditions. Monomeric hydroxy ions have been found to be primarily responsible for aluminium aquatic toxicity.A survey of aluminium toxicity and a brief discussion of speciation schemes are presented. The fast reaction of Al³⁺ with pyrocatechol violet (PCV) followed by spectrophotometric analysis is a frequently used method for aluminium speciation. By using a flow system, one obtains fairly exact and reproducible control of the reaction time, and as a result it provides a direct method of analysis for free aluminium (including inorganic monomeric aluminium).The PCV-method has been adapted for the determination of aluminium in carbonate-rich natural waters using an improved buffering system. Thus it is possible to monitor aluminium concentrations in lake water as well as in pore water of the sediments of eutrophicated hardwater lakes that has been treated with aluminium salts as a restoration measure.     

Structure,Chemical Bonding,and Properties of Sc2Ni2In

Sc₂Ni₂In was prepared by a reaction of the elemental components in an are furnace and subsequent annealing at 1070 K. Sc₂Ni₂In is a Pauli paramagnet and a poor metallic conductor with a specific resistivity of 224 mΩcm at room temperature. Its crystal structure was refined from X-ray powder data: P4/mbm, a = 716.79(1) pm, c = 333.154(8) pm, Z = 2, R_wp = 0.040, and R_B(I) = 0.026. Sc₂Ni₂In crystallizes with a ternary ordered version of the U₃Si₂-type structure. The nickel and indium atoms occupy [NiSc₆] trigonal prisms and [InSc₈] square prisms, respectively. These structural fragments are derived from the AlB₂ and CsCl-type structures. Semi-empirical band structure calculations reveal Sc₂Ni₂In to be a nickelide, and the strongest bonding interactions are found for the Sc? Ni contacts, followed by Sc? In and Ni? In. A rigidband model suggests the existence of the isotypic phase Sc₂Ni₂Sb.     

Reaktionen von Uranpentabromid Die Kristallstrukturen von PPh4[UBr6], PPh4 [UBr6] · 2CCl4, (PPh4)2[UBr6] · 4CH3CN und (PPh4)2[UO2Br4] · 2CH2Cl2

Reactions of Uranium Pentabromide. Crystal Structures of PPh₄[UBr₆], PPh₄[UBr₆] · 2CCl₄, (PPh₄)₂[UBr₆] · 4CH₃CN, and (PPh₄)₂[UO₂Br₄] · 2CH₂Cl₂ PPh₄[UBr₆] and PPh₄[UBr₆] · 2CCl₄ were obtained from UBr₅ · CH₃CN and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide in dichloromethane, the latter being precipitated by CCl₄. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. PPh₄[UBr₆]: 2101 observed reflexions, R = 0.090, space group C2/c, Z = 4, a = 2315.5, b = 695.0, c = 1805.2 pm, β = 96.38°. PPh₄[UBr₆] · 2CCl₄: 2973 reflexions, R = 0.074, space group P2₁/c, Z = 4, a = 1111.5, b = 2114.2, c = 1718.7 pm, β = 95.42°. Hydrogen sulfide reduces uranium pentabromide to uranium tetrabromide. Upon evaporation, bromide is evolved from solutions of UBr₅ with 1 or more then 3 mol equivalents of acetonitrile in dichlormethane yielding UBr₄ · CH₃CN and UBr₄ · 3CH₃CN, respectively. These react with PPh₄Br in acetonitrile affording (PPh₄)₂[UBr₆] · 4CH₃CN, the crystal structure of which was determined: 2663 reflexions, R = 0.050, space group P2₁/c, Z = 2, a = 981.8, b = 2010.1, c = 1549.3 pm, β = 98.79°. By reduction of uranium pentabromide with tetraethylammonium hydrogen sulfide in dichloromethane (NEt₄)₂[U₂Br₁₀] was obtained; (PPh₄)₂[U₂Br₁₀] formed from UBr₄ and PPh₄Br in CH₂Cl₂. Both compounds are extremely sensitive towards moisture and oxygen. The crystal structure of the oxydation product of the latter compound, (PPh₄)₂[U0₂Br₄]· 2 CH₂Cl₂, was determined: 2163 reflexions, R = 0.083, space group C2/c, Z = 4, a = 2006.3, b = 1320.6, c = 2042,5 pm, β = 98.78°. Mean values for the UBr bond lengths in the octahedral anions are 266.2 pm for UBr₆-, 276.7 pm for UBr₆^2? and 282.5 pm for UO₂Br₄^2?