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951.
952.
A solid-liquid extraction procedure followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (DAD) for the determination of polyphenols in freeze-dried apple peel and pulp is reported. The extraction step consists in sonicating 0.5 g of freeze-dried apple tissue with 30 mL of methanol-water-acetic acid (30:69:1, v/v/v) containing 2 g of ascorbic acid/L, for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath. The whole method was validated, concluding that it is a robust method that presents high extraction efficiencies (peel: >91%, pulp: >95%) and appropriate precisions (within day: R.S.D. (n = 5) <5%, and between days: R.S.D. (n = 5) <7%) at the different concentration levels of polyphenols that can be found in apple samples. The method was compared with one previously published, consisting in a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by RP-HPLC-DAD determination. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. 相似文献
953.
Rubtsov IV Kang YK Redmore NP Allen RM Zheng J Beratan DN Therien MJ 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2004,126(16):5022-5023
We demonstrate a new femtosecond visible pump/mid-IR probe spectroscopic approach to assess directly the ground- and excited-state degrees of charge transfer (CT) in donor-spacer-acceptor (D-Sp-A) structures. Two classes of (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn)-based D-Sp-A compounds with either quinonyl (Q) or N-(N'-octyl)pyromellitic diimide (PI) electron acceptors were interrogated. Carbonyl antisymmetric stretching mode frequency domain transient-IR spectra of these species were recorded and analyzed for the Q/PI moieties. These data show that the acceptor mode frequency shift, DeltanuA, determined by this method provides a more accurate measure of the degree of CT in ground and charge-separated states relative to other techniques which rely on the ground-state frequency shift alone. This approach enables determination of new experimental benchmarks to test the power of complimentary computational methods and provides a means to probe the degree of CT in transitions that either overlap strongly with other bands or possess low oscillator strength. 相似文献
954.
Cuenca-Trujillo RM Ayora-Cañada MJ Molina-Díaz A 《Journal of AOAC International》2002,85(6):1268-1272
Direct measurement of the sensitized luminescence of the europium-ciprofloxacin chelate immobilized on a cationic exchanger was used to develop a flow-through room-temperature phosphorescence optosensor for determination of ciprofloxacin. The phosphorescent chelate is formed on-line at room temperature in a flow-injection system and is immobilized on a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin packed in a flow cell. Optimum experimental conditions and analytical performance are discussed in detail. The sensor response for ciprofloxacin was linear, from 1.5 x 10(-6) to 2.0 x 10(-5)M with a relative standard deviation of 2.5% (n = 10) and a detection limit of 1.1 x 10(-7)M. The effect of possible interferences on sensor response was studied. The sensor was successfully tested for the determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. 相似文献
955.
Enzymes from thermophilic microorganisms, thermozymes, have unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability. They can be used in several industrial processes, in which they replace mesophilic enzymes or chemicals. Thermozymes are often used when the enzymatic process is compatible with existing (high-temperature) process conditions. The main advantages of performing processes at higher temperatures are reduced risk of microbial contamination, lower viscosity, improved transfer rates, and improved solubility of substrates. However, cofactors, substrates, or products might be unstable or other side reactions may occur. Recent developments show that thermophiles are a good source of novel catalysts that are of great industrial interest. Thermostable polymer-degrading enzymes such as amylases, pullulanases, xylanases, proteases, and cellulases are expected to play an important role in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, paper, pulp, and waste-treatment industries. Considerable research efforts have been made to better understand the stability of thermozymes. There are no major conformational differences with mesophilic enzymes, and a small number of extra salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, or hydrogen bounds seem to confer the extra degree of stabilization. Currently, overexpression of thermozymes in standard Escherichia coli allows the production of much larger quantities of enzymes, which are easy to purify by heat treatment. With wider availability and lower cost, thermophilic enzymes will see more application in industry. 相似文献
956.
957.
Platinum dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) were prepared within fourth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes using an electrochemical coupling strategy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and electrochemical experiments confirmed that the Pt DENs were about 1.4 nm in diameter and that they remained within the dendrimer following surface immobilization. The resulting Pt DEN films were electrocatalytically active for the oxygen reduction reaction. The films were also robust, surviving up to 50 consecutive cyclic voltammograms and sonication. 相似文献
958.
汽油芳构化降烯烃ZSM-5型催化剂的研究 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
通过催化剂表征和小型固定床反应发现,减小沸石晶粒度和提高沸石表面L酸B酸比值,或者适当采用高氢油比,可以提高ZSM-5沸石在汽油芳构化降烯烃反应中的活性稳定性.而适当提高反应温度及减小汽油进料空速则可以提高汽油中烯烃的芳构化程度.连续300h的小试运转表明,FCC和DCC汽油中的烯烃在一种晶粒度为20~50纳米的改性纳米ZSM-5沸石上可有效地转化为芳烃,降烯烃幅度达20个体积百分点以上,改质后汽油的辛烷值、组成和沸程等指标均满足新国标要求. 相似文献
959.
Williams FJ Bird DP Palermo A Santra AK Lambert RM 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2004,126(27):8509-8514
The selective oxidation of styrene on clean and modified Ag(100) surfaces has been studied by synchrotron fast XPS and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy. By following the time dependence of surface species, it is unequivocally demonstrated that the necessary and sufficient conditions for epoxide formation are oxygen adatoms and pi-adsorbed alkene molecules. Increased oxygen coverage and coadsorbed Cs have pronounced and opposite effects on epoxidation selectivity, consistent with the view that the valence charge density on O(a) is pivotal in determining this property. Submonolayer quantities of Cs nitrate generated in situ open a new, low-temperature ultraselective, epoxidation pathway thought to involve direct oxygen transfer from the oxyanion to the alkene. 相似文献
960.
Cicchillo RM Tu L Stromberg JA Hoffart LM Krebs C Booker SJ 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2005,127(20):7310-7311
Quinolinic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide-containing redox cofactors. The ultimate step in the formation of quinolinic acid in prokaryotes is the condensation of iminosuccinate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is catalyzed by the product of the nadA gene in Escherichia coli. A combination of UV-vis, M?ssbauer, and EPR spectroscopies, along with analytical methods for the determination of iron and sulfide, demonstrates for the first time that anaerobically purified quinolinate synthetase (NadA) from E. coli contains one [4Fe-4S] cluster per polypeptide. The protein is active, catalyzing the formation of quinolinic acid with a Vmax [ET]-1 of 0.01 s-1. 相似文献