To effectively estimate the parameters of the multiple frequency-hopping signals, a blind parameter estimation method based on time–frequency diagram modification is proposed. Firstly, the observed signal is transformed to the time–frequency domain, using short time Fourier transform with overlapping windows. Then an energy detection method based on adaptive threshold is used to modify the time–frequency diagram, and the parameters of the frequency-hopping signals are finally obtained from the modified spectrogram. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the method proposed can get a clear time–frequency diagram at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and its accuracy of parameter estimated is higher than that of previous methods. When SNR is ?10 dB, estimation errors of frequency, hopping time and hop duration is 0.0002, 0.0008 and 0.0013, respectively, which are about 1–2 orders of magnitude lower over the previous method.
A multiplicative (cross-correlation) receiving antenna system with a linear aperture can have a power pattern P0(u ) (the so-called principal-solution power pattern) whose spatial frequency transfer function (SFTF) is uniform over the entire spatial frequency (SF) bandwidth. A modified principal solution system which retains the uniform SFTF except for smooth transitions at the ends of the SF passband is described. The transitions are due to a change in the original pattern P0(u), which suffers from high sidelobes, to a Taylor (1955) synthesis pattern PT (u) which involves a slowly varying envelope pattern. All of the slowly varying envelope sidelobes of PT(u ) are set at the same appropriate low level, e.g. -30 dB. The aperture weighting distributions are free of singularities, unlike those for P0(u), and can be sampled to provide the current weightings for a linear multiplicative array 相似文献
A facile two‐step strategy involving a polyol method and subsequent thermal annealing treatment is successfully developed for the large‐scale preparation of ZnCo2O4 various hierarchical micro/nanostructures (twin mcrospheres and microcubes) without surfactant assistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of ZnCo2O4 mesoporous twin microspheres and microcubes. More significantly, based on the effect of the reaction time on the morphology evolution of the precursor, a brand‐new crystal growth mechanism, multistep splitting then in situ dissolution recrystallization accompanied by morphology and phase change, is first proposed to understand the formation of the 3D twin microshperes, providing new research opportunity for investigating the formation of novel micro/nanostructures. When evaluated as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), ZnCo2O4 hierarchical microstructures exhibit superior capacity retention, excellent cycling stability at the 5 A g?1 rate for 2000 cycles. Surprisingly, the ZnCo2O4 twin microspheres show an exceptionally high rate capability up to the 10 A g?1 rate. It should be noted that such super‐high rate performance and cycling stability at such high charge/discharge rates are significantly higher than most work previously reported on ZnCo2O4 micro/nanostructures and ZnCo2O4‐based heterostructures. The ZnCo2O4 3D hierarchical micro/nanostructures demonstrate the great potential as negative electrode materials for high‐performance LIBs. 相似文献
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