Anaerobic upflow fixed-film bioreactor for biomethanation of salty cheese whey

In order to develop a suitable reactor for the biomethanation of high-strength salty cheese whey, the performance of anaerobic upflow fixed-film reactors packed with different support materials, such as charcoal, gravel, brick pieces, pumicestones, and PVC pieces, has been studied. The charcoal-bedded reactor gave the best performance, with the maximum gas production (3.3 L/L digester/d) and an enriched methane content (69% CH₄). Temperature and hydraulic retention time were optimized, with the ultimate aim of improving biomethanation. Maximum gas production (3.3 L/L digester/d) was achieved at a hydraulic retention time of 2 d at 40°C.     

Energy and Spectrum Optimization for 5G Massive MIMO Cognitive Femtocell Based Mobile Network Using Auction Game Theory

Wireless Personal Communications - Energy and spectrum optimization for massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) cognitive femtocell based fifth generation (5G) mobile network is developed...     

Design of Green Smart Room Using Fifth Generation Network Device Femtolet

Wireless Personal Communications - Designing smart room with energy-efficient data and application offloading facilities for the users is a crucial issue. This paper has proposed the architecture...     

A Hexavalent Basket for Bottom-Up Construction of Functional Soft Materials and Polyvalent Drugs through a “Click” Reaction

Inspired by polyvalency and its prevalence in nature, we developed an efficient synthetic route for accessing a large variety of multivalent and dual-cavity baskets from inexpensive and abundant starting materials. First, the cycloaddition of vinyl acetate to anthracene was optimized to, upon hydrolysis, give dibenzobarrelene derivative 6 , which after five functional group transformations and then cyclotrimerization gave heptiptycene dodecaester 4 in an overall 17 % yield. Following that, compound 4 was converted into D_3h symmetric 1 , composed of two fused cavitands each holding three terminal alkynes at the rim for conjugation to functional molecules using the highly efficient CuAAC reaction. To survey the reactivity of hexavalent 1 , we “clicked” 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d -glucopyranosyl azide 3,4,6-triacetate (carbohydrate), methoxypolyethylene glycol azide (PEG, M_n=2000; polymer) and benzyl azide (aromatic) to obtain hexavalent conjugates 12 – 14 in 50–79 % yields. In summary, dual-cavity 1 is an accessible, structurally-unique and hexavalent host that can be “clicked” to a variety of functional molecules for (a) combinatorial lead identification of drugs, (b) preparation of hierarchical soft materials and (c) design of selective chemosensors, scavengers, or supramolecular catalysts.     

Design of DTMOS based third-order G $$_m$$ m -C filter for fast locking PLL

Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - Because of its counterintuitive nature, the Negative Group Delay (NGD) remains as an uncommon and unfamiliar electronic function. For this reason,...     

Microbial biosensor for direct determination of nitrophenyl-substituted organophosphate nerve agents using genetically engineered Moraxella sp

A microbial biosensor consisting of a dissolved oxygen electrode modified with the genetically engineered PNP-degrader Moraxella sp. displaying organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on the cell surface for sensitive, selective, rapid and direct determination of p-nitrophenyl (PNP)-substituted organophosphates (OPs) is reported. Surface-expressed OPH works in tandem with the PNP oxidation machinery of the Moraxella sp. to degrade PNP-substituted OPs and PNP simultaneously while consuming oxygen, that is proportional to the analyte concentration. The optimum performance was obtained by electrodes constructed using 0.35 mg dry weight of cell and operating at pH 7.5. Operating at optimum conditions the biosensor was able to measure as low as 0.1 microM (27.5 ppb) of paraoxon and had excellent selectivity against triazines, carbamates and OPs without PNP substitutent. The biosensor was stable for a week when stored at 4 degrees C. The applicability of the biosensor to measure OPs in lake water was demonstrated.     

The metal-NO interaction in the redox systems [Cl5Os(NO)]n-, n = 1-3, and cis-[(bpy)2ClOs(NO)]2+/+: calculations, structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic results

Experimental and computational results for the two-step redox system [Cl5Os(NO)]n- (n = 1-3) are reported and discussed in comparison to the related one-step redox systems [Cl5Ru(NO)]n- and [Cl5Ir(NO)]n- (n = 1, 2). The osmium system exhibits remarkably low oxidation and reduction potentials. The structure of the precursor (PPh4)2[Cl5Os(NO)] is established as an {MNO}6 species with almost linear OsNO arrangement at 178.1 degrees. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm this result, and a comparison of structures calculated for several oxidation states reveals an increased labilization of the trans-positioned M-Cl bond on reduction in the order M = Ir < Os < Ru. Accordingly, the intact reduced form [Cl5Os(NO)]3- could not be observed in fluid solution even on electrolysis at -70 degrees C in n-butyronitrile solution, as confirmed both by DFT calculations and by comparison with the electron paramagnetic resonance and infrared spectroelectrochemically characterized redox pairs cis-[(bpy)2ClOs(NO)]2+/+ and [(CN)5Os(NO)]2-/3-. The DFT calculations indicate that the oxidation of [Cl5Os(NO)]2- occurs largely on the metal, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the precursor being composed of Os 5d (58%) and Cl(eq) 3p orbitals (41%). As for the related [(CN)5Os(NO)]2-, the reduction is largely NO centered, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of [Cl5Os(NO)]2- has 61% pi*(NO) character with significant 5d Os contributions (34%). A rather large degree of metal-NO back-donation is estimated to occur in the {OsNO}7 configuration of [Cl5Os(NO)]3- which leads to an unusual low value of 1513 cm(-1) calculated for nu(NO), signifying contributions from an Os(III)(NO-) formulation. Detailed analyses of the conformational dependence of the g anisotropy suggest that the different reduced species reported previously for [Cl5Os(NO)]3- in AgCl host lattices may be distinct in terms of eclipsed or staggered conformations of the bent NO. axial ligand relative to the Os(II)Cl4 equatorial plane. The staggered form is calculated to be more stable by 105 cm(-1). The weak absorptions of [Cl5Os(NO)]2- at 573, 495, and 437 nm are assigned as MLCT/LLCT transitions to the doubly degenerate pi*(NO) LUMO. The oxidized form [Cl5Os(NO)]- contains Os(III) in an {OsNO}5 configuration with a spin density of 0.711 on Os. In all three states of [Cl5Os(NO)]n-, the N bonded form is vastly preferred over the NO-side-on bonded alternative.     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic property of ruthenium-terpyridyl complexes

The known compound 4′-(carboxyphenyl)-2,2′:6,2″-terpyridine (LH) was prepared and complexed with RuCl₃.3H₂O. The resulting complex [Ru(LH)Cl₃] was then allowed to react separately with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) and 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe). The compositions of corresponding complexes [Ru(LH)bpyCl](BF₄) 1, [Ru(LH)phenCl](BF₄) 2, [Ru(LH)(PPh₃)(CH₃CN)₂] (BF₄)₂3 and [Ru(LH)(dppe)Cl](BF₄) 4 were assigned on the basis of their FAB-mass spectra, elemental analysis, spectroscopic (IR, NMR) data and X-ray diffraction measurements. The diamagnetic, cationic complexes displayed strong MLCT transitions in the visible region with significant shift in MLCT band energy corresponding to the strength of substituted ligands. The redox behaviour of the complexes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry measurements. Among all the complexes, 3 efficiently catalyzed the synthesis of propargylamine via three components coupling reaction.     

Development and Validation of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic—Densitometric Method for the Quantification of Guggulsterones E and Z in a Polyherbal Formulation Containing Commiphora Mukul

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The present article focuses on the quantitative analysis of a polyherbal formulation containing arjuna, guggul, and pushkarmoola in...