Charge trapping and interface states in hydrogen annealed HfO2–Si structures

Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors based on HfO₂ gate stacks with Al and TiN gates are compared to study the effect of the gate electrode material to the properties of insulator–semiconductor interface. The structures under study were shown to contain interface trap densities of around 2 × 10¹¹ cm⁻² eV⁻¹ for Al gate and up to 5.5 × 10¹² cm⁻² eV⁻¹ for TiN gate. The peak in the surface state distribution was found at 0.19 eV above the valence band edge for Al electrode. The respective capture cross-section is 6 × 10⁻¹⁷ cm² at 200 K.The charge injection experiments have revealed the presence of hole traps inside the dielectric layer. The Al-gate structure contains traps with effective capture cross-section of 1 × 10⁻²⁰ cm², and there are two types of traps in the TiN-gate structure with cross-sections of 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ and 1 × 10⁻²⁰ cm². Trap concentration in the structure with Al electrode was considerably lower than in the structure with TiN electrode.     

Isolation of a peptide ligand for affinity purification of factor VIII using phage display

Polypeptides for use in affinity chromatography of factor VIII were identified using phage display technology. Phage libraries were designed to express polypeptide fusions containing five to seven residues flanked by two cysteines that form a disulfide bond. Individual bacteriophage were selected for the ability of these polypeptides to bind factor VIII, and then release the protein under mild elution conditions. Strong consensus sequences were observed that appear to be necessary for this reversible interaction. Chemically synthesized ligands identified by this screening were immobilized onto a chromatographic support and used for affinity purification of factor VIII from a complex feedstream. A chromatographic step was developed that provided a 10000-fold reduction in host cell proteins and DNA, while providing exceptional product recovery.     

Determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green in a variety of aquacultured products by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for determining the residues of malachite green (MG) and leucomalachite green (LMG) in a number of aquatic species. MG and its metabolite were extracted from homogenized tissues with a perchloric acid-acetonitrile solution; the extract was centrifuged; and an aliquot was taken, concentrated, and passed through a chemically bonded octadecyl C18 solid-phase extraction column. The compounds of interest were eluted with acetonitrile, and the eluate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and diluted with water in preparation for analysis by LC/MS/MS. MG and its metabolite were determined by reversed-phase LC using a Luna C18 column with an ammonium hydroxide-formic acid buffer in acetonitrile gradient and MS/MS detection using multiple reaction monitoring. Calibration curves were linear for all analyses between 5 and 500 pg injected for both analytes, with recoveries ranging from 81% for LMG to 98% for MG in salmon spiked at the 1 ng/g level. Detection limits of 0.1 ng/g for both MG and LMG were easily obtainable using the recommended method. The operational errors, interferences, and recoveries for spiked samples compared favorably with those obtained by established methodology. The recommended method is simple, rapid, and specific for monitoring residues of MG and LMG in a number of aquatic species.     

Perturbed Morse oscillator calculations of vibrational effects on quadrupole coupling in alkali halides

Formulas are obtained for the variation of the quadrupole coupling constant with vibrational state of an ionic diatomic molecule, using the pertubed Morse oscillator formalism. Results are apllied to NaF, KF, RbF, CsF and KCI, and compared with measured values. Systematic discrepancies are noted, which for the alkali fluorides increase with the atomic number of the alkali metal. Possible explanations include a variation of ionicity with vibrational states and a departure from 1/r³ dependencies of the electric field gradient. Calculations of dependencies of eQq on molecular rotation are also presented.     

Design and synthesis of 5'-deoxy-5'-phenyladenophostin A, a highly potent IP3 receptor ligand

[structure: see text] 5'-Deoxy-5'-phenyladenophostin A (5), designed as a useful IP(3) receptor ligand based on the previous structure-activity relationship studies, was successfully synthesized via two key stereoselective glycosidation steps. This compound proved to be a highly potent IP(3) receptor agonist.     

The Use of a Modified Resin for Studying the Internal Structure of Microcrystalline Cellulose Particles

The use of a modified resin which allows the study of the internal structure of microcrystalline cellulose is described. Electron probe microanalysis and elemental X-ray mapping suggest that it is possible to identify cellulose within cross-sectioned microcrystalline cellulose particles.     

Comparative study of Ni-silicide and Co-silicide for sub 0.25-μm technologies

In this work, the phase formation is compared for Ni- and Co-silicidation with and without Ti cap. In addition, the electrical performance of Ni-silicidation with and without Ti-cap is investigated and compared to the performance of a Co-silicidation process with a Ti cap that has the same Si consumption. The lateral confinement of the silicide in the active areas is also studied.     

Consistency of contextual cues about violence across narrative levels

We focused on contextual patterns in the portrayals of television violence. Patterns are constructed by comparing contextual cues at one level of the television show, such as the macrolevel of the entire program, with the contextual cues at a more microlevel, such as the violent interaction. When the two sets of cues match on characteristics such as harm to victims and punishment to perpetrators, there is a consistent pattern of context across levels. To the extent that there is consistency in contextual cues across narrative levels, viewers' interpretations are likely to be reinforced. To the extent that there is inconsistency in cues across narrative levels, viewers, especially children, can become confused. We found more evidence of consistency than inconsistency across levels, but a high degree of that consistency reinforces the interpretation that violence is frequently unpunished and socially acceptable.     

Conceptualizing Mass Media Effect

Scholars have generated evidence of a wide variety of mass media effects over almost 9 decades of research. Although each of these effects has been defined in a relatively clear manner, there has been much less conceptualizing about what constitutes a mass media effect in general. Rarely have scholars provided a formal definition of mass media effect, instead opting to provide a definition in either an ostensive or primitive manner. In this essay, a conceptualization of “mass media effect” at the most general level is synthesized from this previous definitional work. The proposed conceptualization posits 4 general kinds of mass media effects: gradual long‐term change in magnitude, reinforcement, immediate shift, and short‐term fluctuation change.