Derivation of a second-order switching surface in the boundary control of buck converters

A second-order switching surface in the boundary control of buck converters is derived in this letter. The formulated switching surface can make the overall converter exhibit better steady-state and transient behaviors than the one with a first-order switching surface. The switching surface is derived by estimating the state trajectory movement after a switching action, resulting in a high state trajectory velocity along the switching surface. This phenomenon accelerates the trajectory moving toward the target operating point. The proposed control scheme has been successfully applied to a 120-W buck converter. The large-signal performance and a comparison with the first-order switching surface have been studied.     

Advanced disturbance observer design for mechanical positioning systems

Disturbance-observer (DOB)-based controller design is one of the most popular methods in the field of motion control. In this paper, the generalized disturbance compensation framework, named the robust internal-loop compensator (RIC) is introduced and an advanced design method of a DOB is proposed based on the RIC. The mixed sensitivity optimization problem, which is the main issue of DOB design, is also solved through the parametrization of the DOB in the RIC framework. Differently from conventional methods, the Q-filter is separated from the mixed sensitivity optimization problem and a systematic design law for the DOB is proposed. This guarantees the robustness and optimality of the DOB and enables the design for unstable plants.     

Characterization method of thermomechanical parameters for microelectronic materials

Reliability of thermomechanical simulations is critically linked to the accuracy of the mechanical properties that govern the behaviour of structure, like Young's modulus (E) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). For many cases, the values found in literatures are dealing with bulk properties without detailed information on temperature effects. To address such issues, it is necessary to measure the materials parameters as a function of temperature. The measurement of CTE is usually accomplished by evaluating the thermal deflections of a subjected material layer deposited on a substrate, providing that E is known at a specific temperature of experiment. A bilayer method, based on theory of elasticity, is proposed to determine both E and CTE for a given temperature with a good resolution. This paper presents the theoretical analysis, the design and process of the microsystem test structures, and the main calculation results.     

The glow curve structure for the LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL detector with dopants concentrations and sintering temperatures

The glow curve structures for LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL detectors with various dopant concentrations and sintering temperatures were investigated for the improvement of the glow curve structure and sensitivity of the TL detector. The dopant concentrations were varied over the following ranges: Mg (0–0.25 mol%), Cu (0–0.07 mol%), Na and Si (0–1.5 mol%). With increasing Cu concentration, the intensity of the main peak was intensified and reached a maximum at a concentration of 0.05 mol%. The high-temperature peak was reduced. The dependency of the main peak intensity on the Mg concentration exhibits a sharp maximum at 0.2 mol%. The intensity of the high-temperature peak tends to rise slightly with increasing Mg concentration. It was found that the optimum concentrations of the dopants in the LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL material are Mg: 0.2 mol%, Cu: 0.05 mol%, Na and Si: 0.9 mol%. The dependency of the main peak intensity on sintering temperature exhibits a very sharp maximum at 830°C. The high-temperature peak was rapidly reduced after 825°C.     

Pressure and temperature dependence of the gas‐transport properties of dense poly[2,6‐toluene‐2,2‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxylphenyl)hexafluoropropane diimide] membranes

The gas‐transport properties of poly[2,6‐toluene‐2,2‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxylphenyl)hexafluoropropane diimide] (6FDA‐2,6‐DAT) have been investigated. The sorption behavior of dense 6FDA‐2,6‐DAT membranes is well described by the dual‐mode sorption model and has certain relationships with the critical temperatures of the penetrants. The solubility coefficient decreases with an increase in either the pressure or temperature. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity coefficient increases with an increase in the penetrant size, as the order of the activation energy for the diffusion jump is CH₄ > N₂ > O₂ > CO₂. Also, the average diffusion coefficient increases with increasing pressure for all the gases tested. As a combined contribution from sorption and diffusion, permeability decreases with increases in the pressure and the kinetic diameter of the penetrant molecules. Even up to 32.7 atm, no plasticization phenomenon can be observed on flat dense 6FDA‐2,6‐DAT membranes from their permeability–pressure curves. However, just as for other gases, the absolute value of the heat of sorption of CO₂ decreases with increasing pressure at a low‐pressure range, but the trend changes when the feed pressure is greater than 10 atm. This implies that CO₂‐induced plasticization may occur and reduce the positive enthalpy required to create a site into which a penetrant can be sorbed. Therefore, a better diagnosis of the inherent threshold pressure for the plasticization of a glassy polymer membrane may involve examining the absolute value of the heat of sorption as a function of pressure and identifying the turning point at which the gradient of the absolute value of the heat of sorption against pressure turns from a negative value to a positive one. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 354–364, 2004     

Superfield form of discrete gauge states in ĉ = 1 2d supergravity

A general formula for the discrete states (NeveuSchwarz sector) in N = 1 2D super-Liouville theory is written down in the world-sheet supersymmetric form. We then derive a set of gauge states at the discrete momenta. These discrete gauge states are shown to carry the ω_∞ charges and serve as the symmetry parameters in the old covariant quantization of the theory.     

A reliability model for a k-out-of-N:G redundant system with multiple failure modes and common cause failures

The paper presents a reliability model of a k-out-of-N:G redundant system with M mutually exclusive failure modes and common cause failures. Failed system repair times are arbitrarily distributed. The system is in a failed state when (N−k+1) units failed or a common cause failure occurred. Laplace transforms of the state probabilities and the availability of the system are derived. Finally, the system steady-state availability is also reported.     

Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of Cauchy equation in the space of Schwartz distributions

We reformulate and prove the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of Cauchy equation in the space of Schwartz tempered distributions and Fourier hyperfunctions.