Fluorescent sensing platform for low-cost detection of Cu2+ by coumarin derivative: DFT calculation and practical application in herbal and black tea samples

A fluorogenic probe based on a coumarin-derivative for Cu²⁺ sensing in CH₃CN/H₂O media (v/v, 95/5, 5.0 μM) was developed and applied in real samples. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-coumarin (MCPC) probe was obtained by synthetic methodologies and identified by spectral techniques. The probe MCPC showed remarkable changes with a “turn-off” fluorogenic sensing approach for the monitoring of Cu²⁺ at 456 nm under an excitation wavelength of 366 nm. The response time of the probe MCPC was founded as only 1 min. The detection limit of the probe MCPC was recorded to be 1.47 nM. The binding constant and possible stoichiometric ratio (1:1) values were determined by Benesi-Hildebrand and Job’s plot systems, respectively. The mechanism of the probe MCPC with Cu²⁺ was further confirmed by ESI-MS and FT-IR analyses, as well as supported by theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the probe MCPC was successfully employed for the practical applications to sense Cu²⁺ in different herbal and black tea samples. The proposed sensing method was also verified by ICP-OES method.     

Effects on measurement of photon-atom scattering of applied pressures on sample at different thickness

N_coh/N_Comp and NK_β/NK_α intensity ratios of scattered photons by Zn in the linear region and the infinite mass thickness region are measured as functions of the pressure used for compressing the pellets with a Si(Li) detector using Am-241 and Fe-55 annular source. Besides, the effect on the experimental intensity ratio of relation between two different thicknesses of sample with applied different pressures on the sample is investigated in this study. Harmony between the linear and infinitive (critical) thickness region and the applied pressure on the sample has directly affected the experimental intensity ratios. Experimental results were not compared with various theoretical values in the literature, for present results constitute the first experimental measurements.     

Matrix Summability and Positive Linear Operators

In the present paper we prove a Korovkin type approximation theorem for a sequence of positive linear operators acting from a weighted space C_ρ1 into a weighted space B_ρ2 with the use of a matrix summability method which includes both convergence and almost convergence. We also study the rates of convergence of these operators.     

Activity coefficients of adsorbed mixtures

Experimental and simulated data for adsorption of gas mixtures on energetically heterogeneous surfaces like activated carbon and zeolites exhibit negative deviations from ideality. The deviations are large in some cases, with activity coefficients at infinite dilution equal to 0.1 or less. Similar molecules form ideal mixtures, but molecules of different size or polarity are nonideal. Equations for bulk liquid mixtures (Wilson, Margules, etc.) do not apply to isobars for adsorbed mixtures. A two-constant equation for activity coefficients as a function of composition and spreading pressure is in good agreement with theory, simulation, and experiment.     

Synthesis and characterization of Pd nanoparticle-modified magnetic Sm<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> as effective multifunctional catalyst for reduction of 2-nitrophenol and degradation of organic dyes

In this study, Pd nanoparticle-modified magnetic Sm₂O₃–ZrO₂ material (Pd–Fe₃O₄–Sm₂O₃–ZrO₂) as multifunctional catalyst was fabricated and used for catalytic reduction of 2-nitrophenol compound, degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes, which are toxic pollutants. The magnetic material was used for the first time as a catalyst for the reduction and degradation studies. Pd nanoparticle-modified magnetic Sm₂O₃–ZrO₂ catalyst was prepared using the deposition–precipitation methods and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy and BET surface analyzer. The Pd nanoparticle-modified magnetic Sm₂O₃–ZrO₂ material can lead to high catalytic activity for the reduction of 2-nitrophenol and degradation of rhodamine B and methylene blue with >?95% conversion within ~?2 and 80 s even when the content of Pd in it is as low as 5.8 wt%.     

Statistical Limit Superior and Limit Inferior

Following the concept of statistical convergence and statistical cluster points of a sequence , we give a definition of statistical limit superior and inferior which yields natural relationships among these ideas: e.g., is statistically convergent if and only if . The statistical core of is also introduced, for which an analogue of Knopp's Core Theorem is proved. Also, it is proved that a bounded sequence that is -summable to its statistical limit superior is statistically convergent.

     

Dipotassium maleate with boric acid

In the title compound, poly[(μ₃‐boric acid)‐μ₄‐maleato‐dipotassium], [K₂(C₄H₂O₄){B(OH)₃}]_n, there are two independent K⁺ cations, one bonded to seven O atoms (three from boric acid and four from maleate), and the other eight‐coordinate via three boric acid and four maleate O atoms and a weak η¹‐type coordination to the C=C bond of the maleate central C atoms. Hydrogen bonding links the boric acid ligands and maleate dianions, completing the packing structure.     

Bis{[μ‐N,N′‐bis­(salicyl­idene)‐1,4‐butane­di­amine‐N,N′,O,O′‐copper(II)]‐μ‐chloro‐chloromercury(II)}

A new tetranuclear Cu^II–Hg^II–Hg^II–Cu^II complex, [Cu₂Hg₂Cl₄(C₁₈H₁₈N₂O₂)₂], has been prepared by means of a copper complex found in the literature. The molecular structure of this complex was determined by X‐ray diffraction and the Cu–Hg–Hg–Cu chain was seen to be non‐linear. The change in magnetic susceptibility with temperature was recorded for this complex and observed to abide by the Curie–Weiss law. The coordination around the Hg^II ions is square pyramidal. The Cu?Hg bridging distance is 3.5269 (7) Å.     

Determination of bismuth and lead in geological samples by electrothermal AAS Part 1. Comparative study of tungsten containing chemical modifiers

A comparative study on the efficiency of some tungsten containing chemical modifiers such as W, W+Pd, W+Rh, W+Pt and W+Ru for thermal stabilization of Bi, In, Pb and Sb has been performed systematically by a Zeeman electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometer (ETAAS). The addition of tartaric acid (TA) as a reducing agent additionally to the mixed modifiers was studied. A mixture of W+Pd+TA was found to be a powerful mixed modifier for the determination of Bi, In, Pb and Sb. Pretreatment temperatures could be increased up to 1250–1500° C using this mixed modifier. The use of the mixed modifier results in an enhanced accuracy and precision of the method and recovery rates above 97% for all samples. The W+Pd+TA mixed modifier was applied to the determination of Bi and Pb in dissolved geological reference samples. Received: 14 March 1996 / Revised: 3 June 1996 / Accepted: 30 June 1996