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201.

Intensive studies aiming to extend the Hermite-Hadamard inequalities and to explore some properties and applications of these inequalities have been carried out recently. The contribution of this paper falls within this framework. We investigate here some refinements of the Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for operator convex maps involving multiple operator arguments.

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202.
Despite the rich experience gained in controlling the microstructure of perovskite films over the past several years, little is known about how the microstructure affects the device properties of perovskite solar cells (HPSCs). In this work, the effects of the perovskite film microstructure on the charge recombination and light‐soaking phenomenon in mixed halide HPSCs are investigated. Devices with noncompact perovskite morphology show a severe light soaking effect, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improved from 3.7% to 11.6% after light soaking. Devices with compact perovskite morphology show a negligible light soaking effect, with PCE slightly increased from 11.4% to 11.9% after light soaking. From device investigations, photoluminescence, and impedance spectroscopy measurements, it is demonstrated that interface electron traps at the grain boundaries as well as at the crystal surface dominate the light soaking effect. Severe trap‐assisted recombination takes place in HPSCs using noncompact films, while it is effectively eliminated in devices with compact films. Moreover, how the grain size of the perovskite film affects the light soaking phenomenon is investigated. In the case of compact perovskite films, the size of the grains has a limited effect on the light soaking. In these compact films, grains are fused and trap states are effectively reduced.  相似文献   
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We determine upper bounds on the ratios of several domination parameters in trees.  相似文献   
206.
Point-like masses on a given initial domain of the complex plane are interacting globally under gravity and as a consequence the initial domain is mapped into a final domain which encodes all effects of localized sources . The mapping between the two domains is a truncated beta function which so far has not been fully investigated. In this paper we propose to know more about the final domain and so we start from the remark that when the masses are put on the real axis of the upper half plane, the mapping in question is the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping (SCM), a popular and useful tool in computational geometry. The linking of planar gravity with the SCM will allow us to use all what we know from this mapping to get answer for certain static solutions in planar gravity. Among the problems we will study we mention: masses distributed on the real axis of the full complex plane, masses distributed on a circle, the dust string either closed or infinite open. Strings with tensions are however not linked to SCM as these mappings do not involve the concept of tension.  相似文献   
207.
A polyrotaxane in which β‐cyclodextrins (β‐CDs) are threaded onto a polyether chain was prepared by polycondensation of a β‐CD/bisphenol A (BPA) inclusion complex with aromatic dihalides. Two dihalides, with and without a side chain, were used. This polycondensation results in a polyrotaxane (or pseudopolyrotaxane for polymers without stoppers) with a 1:1 threading ratio when the side chain is present and 2:3 when there is none. The long side chain prevents dethreading of the macrocycles. The best yield and a good threading ratio were obtained when the polycondensation was performed by liquid?solid phase transfer catalysis without solvent (L/S PTC) using 2,5‐bi(iodomethyl)‐4‐methoxy‐(1‐octyloxy)benzene as dihalide. The 1H NMR and FTIR spectra show that the products consist of β‐CD and polyether. The 2D NOESY NMR spectrum shows that the polyether chains are included in the β‐CD cavity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4391–4399, 2009  相似文献   
208.
A method is introduced to discretize irregular and complex two‐dimensional fractured media. The geometry of the fractured media is first analysed by searching and treating the complex configurations. Based on that, the method generated a good mesh quality and allows for including finer grids. An incompressible two‐phase flow problem is solved to compare the developed method and a public method based on the approximation of a 1D fracture by the edges of a 2D finite element grid of the porous media. The comparison showed that the developed method (i) represents better the fractured domain by maintaining the geometric integrity of input surfaces and geologic data, (ii) provides, for sample and complex fractured domains, excellent and more accurate results, and (iii) is much less sensitive to the grid sizes. Furthermore, the method has to be more efficient than the other methods for transport problems and has to provide better predictable results; this is mainly based on point (ii) and because the method produces optimal triangular grids. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
209.
Rheological behavior of a PS/PE model viscoelastic immiscible blend compatibilized by two types of interfacial modifiers was investigated. Dynamic, steady shear, and transient experiments were performed to probe the effect of the interfacial modification on the rheological behavior of the blend. While the effect was relatively small in dynamic and steady shear experiments, significant signature of the presence of the copolymer was observed in transient experiments after start up of shear flow. The magnitude of the departure from Doi-Otha theory (worked out for non-compatibilized blends) was evaluated. Received: 6 March 2000 Accepted: 15 June 2000  相似文献   
210.
This review surveys some recent developments concerning the effect of the cosmological constant on the bending of light by a spherical mass in Kottler (Schwarzschild–de Sitter) spacetime. Some proposals of how such an effect may be put into a setting of gravitational lensing in cosmology are also discussed. The picture that emerges from this review is that it seems fair to assert that the contribution of Λ to the bending of light has by now been well established, while putting the Λ light-bending terms into a cosmological context is still subject to some interpretation and requires further work and clarification.  相似文献   
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