Halogen-halogen interactions in halomethanes

We report the study of the electronic structure of CHFI(2), CHBrI(2), CHBr(2)I, CHClI(2), and CHCl(2)I using VUV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The lone pair orbital interactions are discussed on the basis of experimental results and comparisons with other halomethanes.     

Auswahl optimaler Me?wellenl?ngen bei der spektroskopischen Mehrkomponenten-Analyse

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Auswahl optimaler Wellenlängen bei der spektroskopischen Mehrkomponenten-Analyse diskutiert. Üblicherweise werden die Absorptionsmaxima herangezogen. Nach Kaiser läßt sich für jede Wellenlänge die Selektivität gegenüber den verschiedenen Substanzen berechnen. Für die Auswertung wird der Satz von Wellenlängen herangezogen, der insgesamt die höchsten Selektivitäten aufweist. Zumindest für den Fall der Zweikomponentenanalyse läßt sich das Selektivitätsprodukt heranziehen. Wesentliche Vorteile bieten Verfahren, die alle Elemente der Absorptionskoeffizienten-Matrix berücksichtigen. Die Forderung nach der größten Determinante ist ein in der Literatur beschriebenes, aber nicht allgemein anwendbares Kriterium. Aus den mathematischen Gegebenheiten der Matrix-Operationen läßt sich zeigen, daß die Konditionszahl einer Matrix die besten Ergebnisse bezüglich der Meßstellenwahl ergeben muß. Zwei Beispiele vergleichen die angegebenen und diskutierten Auswahlprinzipien.

---

Optimization of wavelengths in spectrophotometric multicomponent analyses1. Determined set of equations

Summary Several types of optimization of wavelengths in multicomponent analyses are discussed. Usually the wavelengths of absorbance maxima are used. According to Kaiser the selectivity of any wavelength may be calculated and a set of wavelengths with highest selectivities is used in evaluation. In the case of two components the product of selectivities is introduced. Using all elements of the absorptivity-matrix in literature the determinant is described as criterion for selecting optimal wavelengths. From matrix operations it is shown, that the best results will be obtained if the condition of the matrix is used for optimization. Two examples are given to compare the results of optimization.

---

---

Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und dem Bundesminister für Jugend, Familie und Gesundheit danken wir für die großzügige Unterstützung dieser Arbeiten durch Sach- und Personalmittel.     

Algorithmes mixtes asynchrones. Etude de convergence monotone

Summary In this paper we introduce two classes of iterative algorithms which we call Asynchronous mixed algorithms and we study their convergence under partial ordering. These algorithms can be implemented just as well on monoprocessors as on multiprocessors, and, along with their convergence study, constitute a generalization of the mixed classical Newton-relaxation algorithms.

---

Résumé Nous introduisons dans cet article deux classes d'algorithmes itératifs que nous appelons «Algorithmes mixtes asynchrones» et nous en étudierons la convergence selon un ordre partiel. Ces algorithmes sont implémentables aussi bien sur les monoprocesseurs que sur les multiprocesseurs, et avec leur étude de convergence constituent une généralisation des algorithmes mixtes classiques «Newton-relaxation».

     

Azeto[1,2-a]quinoxaline-1,3-diones,a new class of bridgehead nitrogen β-lactams

Two synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of azeto[1,2-a]quinoxaline- 1,3-diones, a novel class of fused heterocyclic β-lactams possessing a bridgehead nitrogen atom. Both processes are general and afford the title compounds in good yield. The infrared, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopic properties of the title compounds are discussed.     

Design and development of novel single multiplex system incorporating 26 rapidly mutating Y-STRs; 26 RM Yplex

This article details the development of a single multiplex system amplifying 26 rapidly mutating Y-STR markers. A sequenced allelic ladder, constructed for calling alleles of all loci, is introduced. The multiplex system shows the ability to address the limitations of Y-STRs commercial kits in differentiating closely related males. The multiplex performed well in the prevalidation tests and showed great potential to be used in forensic casework.     

Wiener’s criterion for the unique solvability of the Dirichlet problem in arbitrary open sets with non-compact boundaries

This paper establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique bounded solution to the classical Dirichlet problem in arbitrary open subset of R^N${\mathbb{R}}^N$ (N≥3$N\ge 3$) with a non-compact boundary. The criterion is the exact analogue of Wiener’s test for the boundary regularity of harmonic functions and characterizes the “thinness” of a complementary set at infinity. The Kelvin transformation counterpart of the result reveals that the classical Wiener criterion for the boundary point is a necessary and sufficient condition for the unique solvability of the Dirichlet problem in a bounded open set within the class of harmonic functions having a “fundamental solution” kind of singularity at the fixed boundary point. Another important outcome is that the classical Wiener’s test at the boundary point presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the “fundamental solution” kinds of singularities of the solution to the Dirichlet problem to be removable.     

Synthesis, and analgesic and antiparkinsonian activities of thiopyrimidine, pyrane, pyrazoline, and thiazolopyrimidine derivatives from 2-chloro-6-ethoxy-4-acetylpyridine

A series of substituted pyridine derivatives were prepared from 2-chloro-6-ethoxy-4-acetylpyridine, which was prepared from the corresponding citrazinic acid as starting material. Reaction of acetylpyridine with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde afforded the 2-chloro-6-ethoxy-4-β-(2-thienyl)acryloylpyridine, which was reacted with malononitrile in refluxing ethanol in the presence of piperidine as a catalyst to afford the cyanoaminopyrane derivative. Acryloylpyridine was treated with urea or guanidine hydrochloride in refluxing ethanolic potassium hydroxide to give the corresponding pyrimidinone and aminopyrimidine derivatives. The latter was condensed with hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine to give pyrazoline and N-phenylpyrazoline derivatives. Finally, cycloaddition reaction of acryloylpyridine with thiourea yielded thioxopyrimidine, which was treated with 2-bromopropionic acid, 3-bromopropionic acid, or bromoacetic acid to yield methylthiazolo-, thiazino-, and thiazolopyrimidine derivatives. The arylmethylene derivative was prepared by reacting thiazolopyrimidine with benzaldehyde or by reacting thioxopyrimidine with benzaldehyde and bromoacetic acid in one step. The pharmacological screening showed that many of these compounds have good analgesic and antiparkinsonian activities comparable to Valdecoxib^® and Benzatropine^® as reference drugs.     

Capillary electrophoresis and molecular modeling of the chiral separation of aromatic amino acids using α/β-cyclodextrin and 18-crown-6

In this work, chiral separation of enantiomers of three amino acids was achieved using capillary electrophoresis technique with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) as a running buffer additive. Only tryptophan has exhibited baseline separation in the presence of αCD, while the enantiomers of the other two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were only partially separated. The addition of 18-crown-6 (18C6) as a second additive imparted only slight improvement to the separation of all enantiomers. On the other hand, all three racemic amino acid mixtures demonstrated no indication of separation when the larger cavity cyclodextrin members, β- and γCD, are used as running buffer chiral additives. However, remarkable improvements in the separation of the enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine were obtained when 18C6 is used together with βCD as a running buffer additive. Surprisingly, tryptophan enantiomers were not separated by the dual additive system of cyclodextrin and crown ether. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), all amino acids were found to form stable binary complexes with individual hosts as well as ternary compounds involving the crown ether and the cyclodextrin. Furthermore, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build a clear picture about the interaction between the guest and the hosts. Most of these complexes remained stable throughout the simulation times, and the molecular dynamics study allowed better understanding of these supramolecular assemblies.     

Built-in Self Test Based on Multiple On-Chip Signature Checking

We propose an improved BIST architecture which supports on-chip comparison of signatures at no significant increase in area. The proposed test architecture reduces detection latency and eliminates the lengthy scan-out phase from each test session by allowing testing and on-chip signature comparison of multiple intermediate signatures to occur concurrently. The work is based on a novel procedure to implement the multiple on-chip signature checking. We show that such a test method gives significant improvements in test application time and aliasing probability. This paper also presented two techniques to minimize the test area overhead with a very small test time overhead compare to the conventional schemes. These techniques resulted in up to 80% savings in test area overhead for some High-level synthesis benchmark circuits. This paper also presents an aliasing analysis of the proposed scheme.     

Bursatella leachii Purple Ink Secretion Concentrate Exerts Cytotoxic Properties against Human Hepatocarcinoma Cell Line (HepG2): In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer death globally. Marine mollusc-derived drugs have gained attention as potential natural-based anti-cancer agents to overcome the side effects caused by conventional chemotherapeutic drugs during cancer therapy. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the main biomolecules in the purple ink secretion released by the sea hare, named Bursatella leachii (B. leachii), were identified as hectochlorin, malyngamide X, malyngolide S, bursatellin and lyngbyatoxin A. The cytotoxic effects of B. leachii ink concentrate against human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells were determined to be dose- and time-dependent, and further exploration of the underlying mechanisms causing the programmed cell death (apoptosis) were performed. The expression of cleaved-caspase-8 and cleaved-caspase-3, key cysteine-aspartic proteases involved in the initiation and completion of the apoptosis process, appeared after HepG2 cell exposure to the B. leachii ink concentrate. The gene expression levels of pro-apoptotic BAX, TP53 and Cyclin D1 were increased after treatment with the B. leachii ink concentrate. Applying in silico approaches, the high scores predicted that bioactivities for the five compounds were protease and kinase inhibitors. The ADME and cytochrome profiles for the compounds were also predicted. Altogether, the B. leachii ink concentrate has high pro-apoptotic potentials, suggesting it as a promising safe natural product-based drug for the treatment of liver cancer.