Solubility and density measurements of palmitic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide + alcohol mixtures

Solubility data of palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured in the pressure range from 10 to 25 MPa at temperatures of 313 and 318 K. Densities for this binary mixture in the homogeneous phase and at saturation conditions were measured in the same range of temperature. The influence of 3 and 6 mol% ethanol and 2-propanol as co-solvent on the solubility and density data for the CO₂ + palmitic acid mixture was also determined at 313 K. Measurements were carried out in a static-synthetic sapphire cell coupled to a vibrating-tube densitometer. The self-consistency of the data was tested according to the density-based models proposed by Mendez-Santiago and Teja.     

Deforming and moving a vortex by the tip of a magnetic force microscope

Recent experiments [O.M. Auslaender et al., Nat. Phys. 5 (2009) 35] use a magnetic force microscope not only to image but also to move and deform an individual vortex line in a bulk YBCO type-II superconductor. The theory of this experiment is presented accounting for pinning and curving of the vortex and for the full three-dimensional anisotropy of pinning and of vortex line tension in this material.     

ATR-FTIR and FT Raman spectroscopy and laser cleaning of old paper samples with foxings

Samples of old paper are studied using ATR-FTIR and FT Raman spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the methods of laser spectroscopy make it possible to distinguish between the foxing localization regions and the region of homogeneous aging (yellowing). A significant bleaching of old paper and an almost complete erasure of the foxing stains can be reached using laser irradiation. Original Text ? Astro, Ltd., 2009.     

The probable conformation of substrates recognized by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV and some aspects of the catalytic mechanism derived from theoretical investigations

Summary By theoretical conformational investigations of substrates and nonsubstrates of the enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DP IV) as well as dipeptide-esters using the ECEPP83 method we determined the structure of peptides recognized and cleaved by the enzyme. From a comparison of all possible structures for the substrates with conformations not possible in nonsubstrates we concluded that a single conformation explains substrate specificities of DP IV. This conformation is characterized by the following dihedral angles: {ie159-1}, {ie159-2}, {ie159-3}, {ie159-4}, and {ie159-5}. The conclusions were supported by comparisons of molecular electrostatic potentials calculated with the molecular graphics program HAMOG.     

Maximal proper acceleration and the structure of spacetime

A limiting proper acceleration in nature follows deductively from known physics and compels the union of spacetime and four-velocity space into a maximal-acceleration invariant phase space having an intrinsic Kaluza-Klein-type fiber-bundle structure with manifest gauge properties. The Riemann curvature scalar of the bundle manifold is determined, and a possible action principle is considered to serve as a basis for the generation of field equations.1. This is an expanded version of an invited paper presented at the Fifth Marcel Grossmann Meeting at the University of Western Australia, 8–12 August 1988.     

Connections and geodesics in the spacetime tangent bundle

Recent interest in maximal proper acceleration as a possible principle generalizing the theory of relativity can draw on the differential geometry of tangent bundles, pioneered by K. Yano, E. T. Davies, and S. Ishihara. The differential equations of geodesics of the spacetime tangent bundle are reduced and investigated in the special case of a Riemannian spacetime base manifold. Simple relations are described between the natural lift of ordinary spacetime geodesics and geodesics in the spacetime tangent bundle.     

Einflu\ der TemperaturabhÄngigkeit der Stoffwerte auf den WÄrmeübergang an der laminar überströmten ebenen Platte

Zusammenfassung Der Einflu\ der TemperaturabhÄngigkeit der Stoffwerte auf den WÄrmeübergang ist zur Zeit noch nicht befriedigend geklÄrt. Da Messungen des WÄrmeübergangs stets mit mehr oder weniger gro\en Fehlern behaftet sind, und da der Einflu\ der TemperaturabhÄngigkeit für die einzelnen Stoffwerte nicht getrennt untersucht werden kann, ist es experimentell praktisch nicht möglich, Korrekturfaktoren zu bestimmen. Es bleibt daher nur der Versuch, rechnerisch dieses Problem anzugehen, wobei es wichtig ist, Verfahren zu benutzen, die nicht zu lange Rechenzeiten erfordern, um eine gro\e Anzahl von Parameterstudien durchzuführen.über eine solche Rechnung für eine lÄngsangeströmte, ebene Platte bei laminarer Strömung wird berichtet. Dabei konnte auch der Dissipationsterm berücksichtigt werden.Bereits aus der Form der zu lösenden Differentialgleichungen ergibt sich, da\ die VerhÄltnisse der Stoffwerte einzeln berücksichtigt werden müssen, da sich die Stoffwerte in den Differentialgleichungen nicht zu einer Prandtl-Zahl zusammenfassen lassen. Die Ergebnisse der Parameterstudien werden diskutiert und mit den bisher verwendeten Korrekturfaktoren verglichen.

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Influence of temperature dependent physical properties on the heat transfer in the laminar boundary layer of a parallel affluxed flat plate

The influence of temperature dependent properties on the heat transfer is not jet satisfying claryfied. Measurements of heat transfer contain more ore less great faults, and it is practically not possible to investigate the influence of the temperature dependence for particular physical properties separately. Therefore, the only possibility is to examine this problem numerically. Hereby it is important to use methods which don't require too much computing time in order to study a great number of parameters.In the following article such a numerical method for the calculation of a laminar boundary layer will be introduced. By this method it is also possible to consider the dissipation.Already the form of the differential equations, which are to be solved, shows, that the influence of a variable property fluid has to be considered separately, because it is not possible to combine all physical properties with the Pr-number. The results of the parameter studies will be discussed and will be compared with the well known correction terms.

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Bezeichnungen C dimensionslose Stoffwertkorrektur - c _p spezifische WÄrmekapazitÄt - Eckertsche Kenngrö\e - dimensionslose Stromfunktion - erste Ableitung der dimensionslosen Stromfunktion - n Exponent des ZÄhigkeitstermes (Gl. (43)) - Nusseltsche Kennzahl - Pr=c_p/ Prandtlsche Kennzahl - WÄrmestromdichte - Reynoldsche Kennzahl - r Recovery-Faktor (Gl. (50)) - T Temperatur - t _E Eigentemperatur - u,u Strömungsgeschwindigkeit inx-Richtung - Strömungsgeschwindigkey-Richtung - WÄrmeübergangskoeffizient - dimensionslosey-Koordinat - dimensionslose Temperatur - Dichte - dynamische ViskositÄt - v kinematische ViskositÄt - WÄrmeleitfÄhigkeit Indizes au\erhalb der Grenzschicht - w an der Wand Vorgetragen auf der Sitzung des GVC-Fachausschusses WÄrme- und Stoffübertragung am 30. 3. 1981 in Freiburg     

Elements of Design‐Based Science Activities That Affect Students' Motivation

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which a 12‐week afterschool science and engineering program affected middle school students' motivation to engage in science and engineering activities. We used current motivation research and theory as a conceptual framework to assess 14 students' motivation through questionnaires, structured interviews, and observations. Students reported that during the activities they perceived that they were empowered to make choices in how to complete things, the activities were useful to them, they could succeed in the activities, they enjoyed and were interested in the hands‐on activities and some presentations, they felt cared for by the facilitators and received help when they were stuck or confused, and they put forth effort. Based on our examination of data across our three data sources, we identified motivating opportunities that were provided to students during the activities. These motivating opportunities can serve as examples to help both formal and informal science educators better connect motivation theory to practice so that they can create motivating opportunities for students. Furthermore, this study provides a methodological example of how students' motivation can be examined during the context of authentic science and engineering instruction.