全文获取类型
收费全文 | 495206篇 |
免费 | 5421篇 |
国内免费 | 1419篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 233767篇 |
晶体学 | 6489篇 |
力学 | 18764篇 |
综合类 | 13篇 |
数学 | 49932篇 |
物理学 | 133170篇 |
无线电 | 59911篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 4127篇 |
2020年 | 4647篇 |
2019年 | 4979篇 |
2018年 | 6395篇 |
2017年 | 6213篇 |
2016年 | 9531篇 |
2015年 | 5879篇 |
2014年 | 9293篇 |
2013年 | 21488篇 |
2012年 | 16446篇 |
2011年 | 20260篇 |
2010年 | 14590篇 |
2009年 | 15177篇 |
2008年 | 19939篇 |
2007年 | 20292篇 |
2006年 | 18984篇 |
2005年 | 17288篇 |
2004年 | 16077篇 |
2003年 | 14379篇 |
2002年 | 14048篇 |
2001年 | 15776篇 |
2000年 | 12390篇 |
1999年 | 10031篇 |
1998年 | 8612篇 |
1997年 | 8280篇 |
1996年 | 7963篇 |
1995年 | 7211篇 |
1994年 | 7100篇 |
1993年 | 6740篇 |
1992年 | 7379篇 |
1991年 | 7475篇 |
1990年 | 7112篇 |
1989年 | 6787篇 |
1988年 | 6615篇 |
1987年 | 6003篇 |
1986年 | 5648篇 |
1985年 | 7187篇 |
1984年 | 7264篇 |
1983年 | 5814篇 |
1982年 | 5809篇 |
1981年 | 5795篇 |
1980年 | 5340篇 |
1979年 | 5659篇 |
1978年 | 5786篇 |
1977年 | 5678篇 |
1976年 | 5568篇 |
1975年 | 5141篇 |
1974年 | 5108篇 |
1973年 | 5116篇 |
1972年 | 3626篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Lind M.G.J. Weidong Xiao Dunford W.G. 《IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. I, Regular papers》2006,53(2):409-418
This paper presents a comprehensive nonlinear model of the controlled constant voltage transformer also known as the ferroresonant transformer. Saturation is a normal mode of operation for this device. This paper derives an equivalent electrical circuit that relates to the physical structure of a typical design. The level of detail includes winding resistances, continuously nonlinear magnetizing inductances, tapped windings, and leakage inductances. The paper describes methods to extract the winding resistances, leakage inductances, and hysteresis loops of the transformer and how to fit the latter into single-valued nonlinear functions. The paper compares computer simulation results of the model with those obtained analytically and experimentally. The results show that the derived circuit will be very useful for designers of the ferroresonant transformer, which is used in uninterruptible power supplies. 相似文献
52.
Some Insights into MIMO Mutual Information: The High SNR Case 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salo J. Suvikunnas P. El-Sallabi H.M. Vainikainen P. 《Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on》2006,5(11):2997-3001
We consider mutual information of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channels with complex isotropic Gaussian input in the case where the receiver has perfect channel, knowledge. For arbitrary fading statistics, a mutual information lower bound is decomposed in a sum of three terms involving: a) average SNR; b) channel fading; and c) a term characterizing the "effective rank", or eigenvalue dispersion, of the channel matrix. The decomposition suggests that spatial multiplexing efficiency of a MIMO channel can be characterized by the so-called ellipticity statistic. Distribution functions, means and variances of the random terms in the decomposition for the case of Rayleigh fading are also derived 相似文献
53.
Ysebaert G. Vanbleu K. Cuypers G. Moonen M. Pollet T. 《Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on》2003,51(7):1916-1927
In discrete multitone receivers, the classical equalizer structure consists of a (real) time domain equalizer (TEQ) combined with complex one-tap frequency domain equalizers. An alternative receiver is based on a per tone equalization (PTEQ), which optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on each tone separately and, hence, the total bitrate. In this paper, a new initialization scheme for the PTEQ is introduced, based on a combination of least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive filtering. It is shown that the proposed method has only slightly slower convergence than full square-root RLS (SR-RLS) while complexity as well as memory cost are reduced considerably. Hence, in terms of complexity and convergence speed, the proposed algorithm is in between LMS and RLS. 相似文献
54.
Often scientific instruments on exploratory satellites are used to collect cosmic particles. These instruments, such as the Faraday cup, require a high-voltage regulated power source. On the proposed solar probe satellite there will be instruments which will collect cosmic particles close to the sun. Naturally temperature effects on the voltage regulator are a concern. Specifically power dissipation within the regulator must stay within stringent guidelines. The high-voltage regulator circuit is a resonant flyback topology with a dissipative series switch whose on resistance controls the output voltage level. The extreme temperatures in space will change the inductance of the flyback transformer which will affect the output voltage. State space analysis techniques are used to determine how the value of the transformer inductance and capacitance in the flyback converter affects the output voltage and consequently the power dissipated by the transformer and the switch. The accuracy of the analysis is verified by comparing results with those obtained from an experimental circuit. The results can then be used to help the designer chose nominal capacitance and inductance values that will work over the temperature range of interest. 相似文献
55.
J.M. Roth T.G. Ulmer N.W. Spellmeyer S. Constantine M.E. Grein 《Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE》2004,16(9):2009-2011
We demonstrate a novel 40-GHz mode-locked fiber laser that utilizes a single active device to provide both gain and mode-locking. The laser produces pulses as short as 2.2 ps, is tunable over a 27-nm band centered at 1553 nm, and exhibits long-term stability without cavity-length feedback control. The pulse train at 1556 nm was used in a 40-Gb/s transmission experiment over 45 km with a low 0.4-dB power penalty. 相似文献
56.
Piezoelectrically actuated four-bar mechanism with two flexible links for micromechanical flying insect thorax 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
M. Sitti 《Mechatronics, IEEE/ASME Transactions on》2003,8(1):26-36
In this paper, a piezoelectrically actuated four-bar mechanism with two flexible links is proposed to be used in a micromechanical flying insect robot wing thorax for stroke amplification. PZT-5H- and PZN-PT-based unimorph actuators are utilized at the input link of the four-bar for a compact and lightweight thorax transmission mechanism. The kinematics and dynamics of the proposed wing structure with two parallel four-bar mechanisms are analyzed, optimal four-bar link size selection method is introduced, and quasistatic forces generated at the wing are computed for evaluating the feasibility of the design. Using laser micromachining and folding techniques, prototype four-bar structures are constructed. In the experiments, for a 10/spl times/1/spl times/0.12 mm/sup 3/ PZT-5H actuator-based four-bar mechanism, the stroke amplification of around 20 - 25 is held, and an attached polyester wing is resonated at 29 Hz with around 90/spl deg/ flapping motion. These results match closely with the predicted theoretical values. 相似文献
57.
Mutoh N. Nakashima J. Kanesaki M. 《Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on》2003,50(6):1085-1094
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises generated in power converters are diffused on the surface of conductors. This means influences occur from radiated EMI noises emitted from power transmission lines as well as conducted EMI noises transmitted from them. EMI noises diffusing on the surface of conductors are generally difficult to control using conventional concentrated constant theory. Thus, a new approach based on distributed constant circuit theory is needed in order to control EMI noises. A power converter structure to control EMI noises using multilayer power printed circuit technology is studied in this paper. A structure which can control EMI noises should simultaneously satisfy two conditions, i.e., one to shut down and one to attenuate EMI noises. The structure satisfying these conditions is studied through simulations using the Transmission-Line Modeling Method. The simulations show that the diffusion of EMI noises is controlled by dividing the flow of currents produced by EMI noises into the horizontal and perpendicular directions. That is, the horizontal current flow is controlled inside using the differences in the resistance produced from differences between inner and outer diameter of power transmission lines and the perpendicular current flow can be controlled by properly designing the thickness of the dielectric layer sandwiched between P-and N-power transmission lines with the symmetrical structure. Moreover, it is confirmed by simulations and experiments that the attenuation of EMI noises is affected by the width of the power transmission lines. It is expected that the results obtained in this paper can provide important rules when designing power converters with EMI noise control functions which use the multilayer power printed circuit technology. 相似文献
58.
Analogue switch for very low-voltage applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Munoz F. Ramirez-Angulo J. Lopez-Martin A. Carvajal R.G. Torralba A. Palomo B. Kachare M. 《Electronics letters》2003,39(9):701-702
A new analogue switch suitable for operation at very low-voltage supply in a standard CMOS technology is presented. The proposed switch is based on 'quasi-floating-gate' transistors and has a simple and compact structure. For illustrative purposes, two sample-and-hold circuits operating from a single supply voltage close to the threshold voltage of a transistor, and using the proposed technique, are presented. Experimental results obtained from prototypes in a 1.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology are provided. 相似文献
59.
M A Fennir J A Landry H S Ramaswamy V G S Raghavan 《The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy》2003,38(3):189-196
This study investigates the effect of extraction methods on the color of date syrup and the potential use of microwave power for syrup processing. Sugar solutions were extracted from dates by boiling, soaking and blending. Color and sugar content of the extracted solutions were measured, and the percentage of sugar extracted form the total fruit sugar determined. Boiling was found to be the most efficient method of extraction whereby 74% of total samples sugar was extracted. In contrast, only 54.2% of fruit sugar was extracted by blending and 42% by soaking. In addition, solutions extracted by soaking and blending had a foaming problem in the subsequent concentration process. The extraction method had no effect on the product final color. The extracted solution was concentrated using two heating methods: conventional and microwave heating at a 600 W capacity and a frequency of 2450 MHz applied at three power levels: 10, 7, and 6. In the heating process, 180 minutes were needed to achieve a 77% degrees Brix using convective heating, while it took 81, 138, and 166 minutes of microwave heating at power level 10, 7, and 6, respectively to achieve the same concentration. Water activity of the syrup was measured within a sugar content range of 50 to 80% degrees Brix and the sugar concentration at which the product is shelf stable was determined at 76%. 相似文献
60.
Windlass H. Raj P.M. Balaraman D. Bhattacharya S.K. Tummala R.R. 《Electronics Packaging Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on》2003,26(2):100-105
Polymer ceramic composites form a suitable material system for low temperature fabrication of embedded capacitors appropriate for the MCM-L technology. Improved electrical properties such as permittivity can be achieved by efficient filling of polymers with high dielectric constant ceramic powders such as lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) and barium titanate (BT). Photodefinable epoxies as the matrix polymer allow fine feature definition of the capacitor elements by conventional lithography techniques. The optimum weight percent of dispersant is tuned by monitoring the viscosity of the suspension. The dispersion mechanism (steric and electrostatic contribution) in a slightly polar solvent such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) is investigated from electrophoretic measurements. A high positive zeta potential is observed in the suspension, which suggests a strong contribution of electrostatic stabilization. By optimizing the particle packing using a bimodal distribution and modified processing methodology, a dielectric constant greater than 135 was achieved in PMN-PT/epoxy system. Suspensions are made with the lowest PGMEA content to ensure the efficiency of the dispersion and efficient particle packing in the dried film. Improved colloidal processing of nanoparticle-filled epoxy is a promising method to obtain ultra-thin capacitor films (<2/spl mu/m) with high capacitance density and improved yield. Capacitance of 35 nF/cm/sup 2/ was achieved with the thinnest films (2.5-3.0 /spl mu/m). 相似文献