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21.
A total internal reflection (TIR)-based biochip utilizing a polymer-filled cavity with a micromirror sidewall has been designed and fabricated. The implementation of the micromirror sidewall cavity facilitates precise alignment of the excitation light beam into the system. The incident angle of illumination can be easily modified by selecting polymers of different indices of refraction while optical losses are minimized. The design enables the hybrid, vertical integration of a laser diode and a CCD camera, resulting in a compact optical system. Brownian motion of fluorescent microspheres and real-time photobleaching of rhodamine 6G molecules is demonstrated. The proposed TIR-based chip simplifies current TIR optical configurations and could potentially be used as an optical-microfluidic platform for an integrated lab-on-a-chip microsystem. 相似文献
22.
The algebraic nonlinearity of an n-bit boolean function is defined as the degree of the polynomial f(X) Z
2[x
1, x
2,..., x
n] that represents f. We prove that the average degree of an ANF polynomial for an n-bit function is n+o(1). Further, for a balanced n-bit function, any subfunction obtained by holding less than n-[log n]- 1 bits constant is also expected to be nonaffine. A function is partially linear if f(X) has some indeterminates that only occur in terms bounded by degree 1. Boolean functions which can be mapped to partially linear functions via a linear transformation are said to have a linear structure, and are a potentially weak class of functions for cryptography. We prove that the number of n-bit functions that have a linear structure is asymptotic
.The author is presently employed by the Distributed System Technology Center, Brisbane, Australia.Project sponsored in part by NSERC operating Grant OGP0121648, and the National Security Agency under Grant Number MDA904-91-H-0012. The United States Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints notwithstanding any copyright notation hereon. 相似文献
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van den Brand JF Ent R Anthony PL Arnold RG Arrington J Beise EJ Belz JE Bosted PE Bulten H Chapman MS Coulter KP Dietrich FS Epstein M Filippone BW Gao H Gearhart RA Geesaman DF Hansen J Holt RJ Jackson HE Jones CE Keppel CE Kinney ER Kuhn S Lee K Lorenzon W Lung A Makins NC Margaziotis DJ McKeown RD Milner RG Mueller B Napolitano J Nelson J O'Neill TG Papavassiliou V Petratos GG Potterveld DH Rock SE Spengos M Szalata ZM Tao LH van Bibber K Wasson DA White JL Zeidman B 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1995,52(9):4868-4871
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Makins NC Ent R Chapman MS Hansen J Lee K Milner RG Nelson J Arnold RG Bosted PE Keppel CE Lung A Rock SE Spengos M Szalata ZM Tao LH White JL Coulter KP Geesaman DF Holt RJ Jackson HE Papavassiliou V Potterveld DH Zeidman B Arrington J Beise EJ Belz E Filippone BW Gao H Lorenzon W Mueller B McKeown RD O'Neill TG Epstein M Margaziotis DJ Napolitano J Kinney E Anthony PL van Bibber K Dietrich FS Gearhart RA Patratos GG Kuhn SE van den Brand JF Bulten H Jones CE 《Physical review letters》1994,72(13):1986-1989
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W. D. Wu A. Keren L. P. Le G. M. Luke B. J. Sternlieb Y. J. Uemura D. C. Johnston B. K. Cho P. Gehring 《Hyperfine Interactions》1994,86(1):615-621
Muon spin relaxation (SR) studies have been performed in the normal spinel LiTi2O4 and the A-15 superconductor V3Si to measure the magnetic penetration depth . The relaxation rate(T) 1/2 in field-cooled measurements shows a sharp increase belowT
c
followed by saturation at low temperatures in both systems. This feature implies an isotropic energy gap without anomalous zeros, and most likelys-wave pairing. The low temperature penetration depth (T 0) is determined to be 2100Å for LiTi2O4 and 1300Å for V3Si respectively. Assuming a clean limit relation –2 n
s
/m
*, we derive the Fermi temperatureT
F
n
s/
2/3
m
* from the relaxation rate and the Sommerfeld constant asT
F
3/4–1/4. Unlike conventional superconductors, both LiTi2O4 and V3Si have a large ratio ofT
c
/T
F
0.01, only slightly smaller than those ratios in more exotic superconductors.We thank C. Ballard and K. Hoyle for technical assistance. Work at Columbia University is supported by NSF Grant No. DMR-89-13784 and Packard Foundation (YJU). Ames Laboratory is operated for the U. S. Department of Energy by Iowa State University under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-82. Work at Ames was supported by the Director for Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. 相似文献