The volume and compressibility change for the formation of transition metal sulfate ion pairs at 25°C

The apparent molal volume and adiabatic compressibilities of some transition metal (Mn²⁺, Co²⁺ Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cd²⁺) sulfates have been determined at 25°C. Values of to 11.4 cm³-mole^–1 and to 31.3 × 10^–4cm³-mole^–1-bar^–1 at 1 atm were found for the formation of the transition metal sulfate ion pairs. These results are in good agreement with the values obtained from the high-pressure conductance measurements of Fisher et al., Shimizu et al., and Taniguchi et al. The volume and compressibility data indicate that 3.1±0.7 water molecules are lost when transition metals form ion pairs with SO ₄ ^2– . The fractions of inner-sphere ion pairs (20%) estimated in this study are in good agreement with the values obtained from ultrasonic measurements.     

聚丙烯腈的加压水解

定型纤维状或无定型的聚丙烯腈在高温压力下均可用水水解,且产物中含有酰胺、酰亚胺、羧酸铵盐,经减压干燥后,铵盐部分分解成羧酸,最后的平均相对组成为:羧酸∶铵盐∶酰胺∶酰亚胺≈13∶36∶18∶33。 在我们的反应条件下,聚丙烯腈产生严重的断链现象,分子量大为降低,特别是未经喷丝成型的浆块更严重。 用阳离子交换树脂交换之后再进行分析的方法,一方面避免了滴定两种不同羧基(游离羧基、铵盐的羧基)之间的干扰,同时亦避免了通常方法测定铵盐时酰胺的干扰,因而数据更为可靠。     

Intramolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition/thermal fragmentation approach toward 5-8-5 ring systems

[reaction: see text]. An intramolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition is used to provide a photoadduct, which upon fragmentation, lactone cleavage, and subsequent Cope rearrangement provides a dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctene ring system with substituents in place (e.g., C3 and C11) to access several 5-8-5 diterpene and sesterterpene natural products.     

Determination of mercury in human urine by neutron activation analysis,with lead diethyldithiocarbamate as a preconcentration agent

Lead diethyldithiocarbamate is an effective reagent for preconcentration of mercury in urine for neutron activation analysis. Sodium and bromine are removed from the sample by this procedure. As lead diethyldithiocarbamate is insensitive to neutron activation, radiochemical separation is not needed after neutron irradiation. Results from the analysis of urine collected from workers in caustic soda manufacturing plants are discussed.     

Artificial convolution neural network techniques and applications for lung nodule detection

We have developed a double-matching method and an artificial visual neural network technique for lung nodule detection. This neural network technique is generally applicable to the recognition of medical image pattern in gray scale imaging. The structure of the artificial neural net is a simplified network structure of human vision. The fundamental operation of the artificial neural network is local two-dimensional convolution rather than full connection with weighted multiplication. Weighting coefficients of the convolution kernels are formed by the neural network through backpropagated training. In addition, we modeled radiologists' reading procedures in order to instruct the artificial neural network to recognize the image patterns predefined and those of interest to experts in radiology. We have tested this method for lung nodule detection. The performance studies have shown the potential use of this technique in a clinical setting. This program first performed an initial nodule search with high sensitivity in detecting round objects using a sphere template double-matching technique. The artificial convolution neural network acted as a final classifier to determine whether the suspected image block contains a lung nodule. The total processing time for the automatic detection of lung nodules using both prescan and convolution neural network evaluation was about 15 seconds in a DEC Alpha workstation.     

Reduction of false positives in lung nodule detection using a two-level neural classification

The authors have developed a neural-digital computer-aided diagnosis system, based on a parameterized two-level convolution neural network (CNN) architecture and on a special multilabel output encoding procedure. The developed architecture was trained, tested, and evaluated specifically on the problem of diagnosis of lung cancer nodules found on digitized chest radiographs. The system performs automatic "suspect" localization, feature extraction, and diagnosis of a particular pattern-class aimed at a high degree of "true-positive fraction" detection and low "false-positive fraction" detection. In this paper, the authors aim at the presentation of the two-level neural classification method in reducing false-positives in their system. They employed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method with the area under the ROC curve (A(z)) as the performance index to evaluate all the simulation results. The two-level CNN showed superior performance (A(z)=0.93) to the single-level CNN (A(z)=0.85). The proposed two-level CNN architecture is proven to be promising and to be extensible, problem-independent, and therefore, applicable to other medical or difficult diagnostic tasks in two-dimensional (2-D) image environments.     

Gas chromatographic study of the urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in controlled codeine consumption and in mass screening for opiate drugs

The urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in fifteen volunteers administered codeine tablets at intervals were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and compared with one month's GC results for enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)-screened urine specimens in a mass-screening programme for abuse of opiate drugs, particularly heroin. It appears that when M less than 2 and C/M greater than 0 or when M greater than 2 and C/M greater than 0.5, where C and M are codeine and morphine concentrations in micrograms per 10 ml of urine, codeine consumption has to be presumed.     

Determination of Trace Molybdenum in Biological Matrices by Neutron Activation Analysis

Based on consecutive extractions using bismuth diethyldithiocarbamate and thallium diethyldithiocarbamate as reagents, molybdenum was selectively and highly enriched from biological matrices, and then subjected to neutron activation analysis. Most of interfering elements, e.g., Na, K, Br, P, Fe, U, etc. were simultaneouly removed and the preconcentrated samples always showed only the r rays from molybdenum after neutron bombardment. Thus, molybdenum in the biological matrices could be accurately determined.