数理统计在地球化学样品分析质量控制中的应用

使用Excel2013和Minitab两种常用软件对地球化学样品中CaO含量分布情况进行了研究,运用描述性统计、正态分布、背景值与异常方法对实验室分析的广西某地地球化学样品的分析数据进行了质量评价,结果表明:综合运用计算机软件和数理统计方法,能快速找到分析数据的详细信息和数据特征,判别地球化学样品实验室分析数据的准确性,找出元素的背景值和异常值并剔除异常值,比较发现,样品中CaO含量分析数据对数转换后比原始数据的分布更趋于正态分布,相比于X射线荧光光谱方法,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定的结果更符合正态分布。方法对地球化学调查样品的分析数据质量评价作了有益的尝试,揭示了数理统计方法是地球化学样品分析质量控制的有效手段。     

钾改性氧化铝基羰基硫水解催化剂及其失活机理

天然气、油田伴生气、高炉煤气等化工生产过程中伴生COS气体,不仅会腐蚀管道和毒害催化剂,还会严重污染环境并危害人类健康。COS催化水解反应可在温和条件下高效的将COS脱除,是最具应用前景的COS脱除技术之一。碱金属元素因其具有独特的电子供体性质、表面碱性和静电吸附等特性,常被用作助催化剂以提高Al₂O₃的COS催化水解性能。近年来,以钾为助剂改性的Al₂O₃催化剂(K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃)在COS催化水解反应中得到广泛的应用,但由于负载在Al₂O₃上的K物种的组成复杂,目前研究者对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解机理的理解仍存在一定的困惑和争议。本论文通过湿法浸渍法合成出一系列钾盐和钠盐改性的Al₂O₃催化剂,并利用各类先进的表征技术对这些催化剂进行分析。活性测试表明,以K₂CO₃、K₂C₂O₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃和NaC₂O₄改性Al₂O₃催化剂均有助于COS的水解。其中K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃拥有最佳的COS水解性能,连续运行20 h后其COS转化率仍高于~93%,远远优于未改性的Al₂O₃ (~58%)。我们利用原位红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱探明了反应过程中催化剂的化学结构特征,阐明了H₂O分子在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解作用机制。原位红外表明COS在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解过程中形成了硫代碳酸氢盐中间产物。X射线光电子能谱表征证明催化剂的失活主要是因为催化剂表面积累了硫酸盐和单质硫。此外,我们还研究了水蒸气含量对COS水解性能的影响,研究发现,由于H₂O和COS分子在催化剂表面存在竞争吸附,过量的H₂O会引起催化活性的下降。上述研究表明,K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解性能的提高主要是形成了HO-Al-O-K界面活性位。更为重要的是,所制备的催化剂都是在模拟工业工况条件下进行的,这为后续的工业应用提供了宝贵理论指导。本工作为理解助剂钾在Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解活性的增强提供了新的见解,这为未来设计稳定高效的COS水解催化剂打开了新的发展方向。     

Simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in duck muscle by modified QuEChERS coupled to gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

A rapid, specific, and sensitive method based on modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) coupled to gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifos (CP) and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duck muscle. The residues of CP and TCP were extracted by acidified acetonitrile. The fat layer of the extract was removed under ?20 °C, then the organic layer was evaporated. The analytes were derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) and cleaned up by a mixture of 150 mg MgSO₄, 25 mg graphitized carbon black (GCB), and 50 mg N-propylethylenediamine (PSA) to remove interference. The final extract was analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Recovery values at the spiking concentrations ranged from 86.2 to 92.3 % for CP and from 74.8 to 81.8 % for TCP, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 9.5 and 12.3, respectively. The correlation coefficients of CP (from 2 to 2,000 μg/kg) and TCP (from 1 to 1,000 μg/kg) were equal to or higher than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.3 and 0.15 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 1.0 and 0.5 μg/kg for CP and TCP in duck muscle, respectively. The average intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 84.6 to 91.2 % for CP and 75.6 to 82.3 % for TCP, and the intra- and inter-day precisions were from 5.8 to 8.2 % for CP and 6.5 to 11.9 % for TCP. Furthermore, the CP and TCP residues in duck muscle samples were detected for dietary risk assessment using the validated method.

多巴胺和L-精氨酸制备超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶吸油性能的研究

采用水热法制备了超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶。分析表征结果表明,多巴胺不仅为还原剂而且提供氮源,石墨烯溶液前躯体的pH值对水热法制备超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶很大的影响,通过调节多巴胺和L-精氨酸在石墨烯溶液前躯体的浓度,可制备密度为2.54 mg/cm³超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶,由于氮掺杂、低密度和大的比表面积,超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶对各种油品都有良好的吸附性能。     

聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯空心纳米纤维的制备

通过溶液聚合法制备了具有空心结构的聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯纳米纤维,纤维直径为50~100 nm.研究了3种溶液体系对形成聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯纳米纤维形貌与直径的影响,并探讨了其形成机理.通过调控溶液体系内外环境可得到不同形貌的聚合物纤维,且纤维表面表现出疏水性质.该方法适用于平整且具有粗糙结构的表面.所形成的聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯纳米纤维涂层可用于基底的疏水改性.     

三个喹啉氧基乙酰胺镧系(Eu、Gd、Er)配合物的合成、结构及Eu配合物的荧光性质

合成并通过单晶衍射表征了3个稀土配合物Ln(L)(NO₃)₃(H₂O)(L=N-苯基-2-(5-氯-8-喹啉氧基)乙酰胺,Ln=Eu(1),Gd(2),Er(3)),结构与拥有相同有机配体的Pr,Nd和Sm配合物同构。在每个配合物中,十配位的稀土离子采取扭曲的双帽四方反棱柱配位构型,分别与来自1个配体L的2个氧原子和1个氮原子,3个双齿配位硝酸根和1个水分子配位。配合物1能够发射Eu(Ⅲ)离子特征荧光,荧光寿命为437 μs。     

Energy‐resolved technique for discovery and identification of malonyl‐triterpene saponins in Caulophyllum robustum by UHPLC‐electrospray Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Malonyl‐triterpene saponins (MTSs) attract scientific attentions because of their structural diversities and valuable bioactivities. However, its thermal instability brings a huge amount of challenges for isolation and purification of this class of compounds. To our best knowledge, there has been no report on isolation and analysis of MTSs from genus Caulophyllum. In this study, a strategy combining data acquisition using an energy‐resolved technique and the narrow widow extracted ion chromatograms as data mining method was developed for discovery and identification of MTSs in Caulophyllum robustum hair roots by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The method was performed at an independent MS full scan using our bottom‐up energies by in‐source collision induced dissociations with 0, 25, 50 and 100 eV in both positive and negative modes. Precursor ion as well as fragment ion information was simultaneously collected from four energy‐resolved MS spectra in a single run of 18 min. The fragmentation pathways of intact deprotonated, protonated and sodium ions of MTSs were proposed for the structural elucidation of Caulophyllum MTSs. A flowchart involving a stepwise procedure based on key fragments from ESI^?/ESI⁺‐FT‐MS^{(1, 1)} to MS^{(1, 4)} spectra was constructed for the identification of structural elements in the MTSs. As a result, a total of 23 MTSs were discovered and tentatively identified, which had not been reported from Caulophyllum species before. All of these were potentially new compounds. This study provides an excellent example for discovery and identification of MTSs in herb medicines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光电功能配合物研究进展

南京大学游效曾院士等在国家自然科学基金重点项目的连续资助下 ,以联系高技术的分子电磁性质和非线性光学性质的化学研究为突破口 ,在光电功能分子导电配合物、非线性光学配合物和磁性配合物方面取得重要进展 ,并使我国在该领域中的工作在国际上取得一定地位。1 .分子导电配合物研究了分子间距接近范氏半径之和的中性二硫烯导电配合物 ,这类化合物在实践中有重要意义 ;设计制备了新型杂多酸的二硫烯自由基无机 /有机杂化配合物 ,可望兼有导电和非线性光学性能双重功能 ;发展了一种新的方便的全共轭双金属配合物( Bu4 N) 2 tto[Ni( dmit) …     

新型膦配体PDBPDS在氢甲酰化反应中催化剂配体性能的研究

用量子化学 AMI方法优化了 1 -苯基二苯并膦二磺化产物 ( PDBPDS)和三磺化三苯基膦 ( TPPTS)的几何构型 .比较两种化合物的空间结构和电子结构发现 ,在氢甲酰化铑膦催化反应体系中 ,PDBPDS的配体性能优于 TPPTS.首次研究了以 PDBPDS为配体的铑膦催化剂对丙烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能 ,考察了反应温度、压力、膦铑物质的量比和搅拌速度对催化活性和选择性的影响 .结果表明 ,在 2 .0 MPa,1 0 0℃ ,膦铑物质的量比为 35 ,搅拌速度为 5 0 0 r/min及 V( H2 ) /V( CO) =1 /1的条件下 ,催化活性可达到 2 80 0 g(丁醛 ) /[g(铑 )·h],正异构产物物质的量比为 1 2 .3,在相同条件下与传统的三磺化三苯基膦 ( TPPTS)为配体的铑膦催化剂相比 ,催化活性和选择性提高了 2倍 .反应结束后 ,有机相和水相分离简单 ,有机相铑浓度仅为3.6× 1 0 - 8mol/L,有效地解决了铑流失问题 ,表明 PDBPDS是极具开发前景的新型水溶性配体     

Adiabatic calorimetry and thermal analysis on acetaminophen

Molar heat capacities of acetaminophen were precisely measured with a small sample precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 80 to 330 K. A solid-solid transition at 149.96 K was found from the C_p,m-T curve. The polynomial functions of C_p,.m(J K^-1 mol^-1) vs. T were established on the heat capacity measurements by means of the least square fitting method. Thermal decomposition processes of acetaminophen have been studied by thermogravimetry. And the thermal decomposition kinetics parameters, such as activation energy E, pre-exponential factor A and reaction order n, were calculated by TG-DTG techniques with the Freeman-Carroll method, Kissinger method and Ozawa method. Accordingly the thermal decomposition kinetics equation of acetaminophen is expressed as: dα/dt=2.67·10⁷e^-89630/RT(1-α)^0.23. The process of fusion has been investigated through DSC. The melting point, molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion are to be (441.89±0.04) K, 26.49±0.44 kJ mol^-1 and 59.80±1.01 J K^-1 mol^-1, respectively.