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81.
It is well known that for a Brownian motion, if we change the medium to be inhomogeneous by a measure μ, then the new motion(the time-changed process) will diffuse according to a different metric D(·, ·).In 2009, Kigami initiated a general scheme to construct such metrics through some self-similar weight functions g on the symbolic space. In order to provide concrete models to Kigami’s theoretical construction, in this paper,we give a thorough study of his metric on two classes of fractals of pr... 相似文献
82.
Hsiu-Rong Chang Willie Lau Hsing-Yeh Parker David G. Westmoreland 《Macromolecular Symposia》1996,111(1):253-263
Electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques have been applied to a detailed study of batch and semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate; butyl acrylate and styrene have been briefly studied. Quenching of samples from the polymerization reactor followed by ESR analysis are useful, but we have developed continuous flow techniques which are preferable in many cases. ESR techniques can provide valuable information relating to the nature of free radical reactions, the concentration of propagating free radicals, and the kinetic processes in these reactions. Direct ESR analysis is most valuable but is not applicable to all systems. Spin trapping techniques can be useful for systems not accessible by direct analysis. 相似文献
83.
Chun M. Lau Kannappan Thangaraj Govindarajulu Kumar Vayalakkavoor T. Ramakrishnan Edwin D. Stevens Joseph H. Boyer Ieva R. Politzer Theodore G. Pavlopoulos 《Heteroatom Chemistry》1990,1(3):195-209
The conversion of 3-methyl-4-benzyl-4-chloro-2-pyrazolin-5-one 10b was catalyzed by a mixture of potassium fluoride and alumina to give syn-(methyl, benzyl)bimane 6 (62%) without detectable formation of the anti isomer, A6 [a 1 : 1 mixture (87%) of the isomers 6 and A6 was obtained when the catalyst was potassium carbonate]. In a similar reaction syn-(methyl,carboethoxymethyl)bimane 7 (15%) with the anti isomer A7 (36%) was obtained from 3-methyl-4-carboethoxymethyl-4-chloro-2-pyrazolin-5-one 10c . syn-(Methyl, β-acetoxyethyl)bimane 8 (70%) was obtained from 3-methyl-4-β-acetoxyethyl-4-chloro-2-pyrazolin-5-one 10d (potassium carbonate catalysis) and was converted by hydrolysis to syn-(methyl, β-hydroxyethyl)bimane 9 (40%). Acetyl nitrate (nitric acid in acetic anhydride) converted anti-(amino,hydrogen)bimane 11 to anti-(amino,nitro)bimane 15 (91%), anti-(methyl,hydrogen)bimane 13 to anti-(methyl,nitro)(methyl,hydrogen)bimane 16 (57%), and degraded syn-(methyl,hydrogen)bimane 12 to an intractable mixture. Treatment with trimethyl phosphite converted syn-(bromomethyl,methyl)bimane 17 to syn-(dimethoxyphosphinylmethyl,methyl)bimane 18 (78%) that was further converted to syn-(styryl,methyl)bimane 19 (29%) in a condensation reaction with benzaldehyde. Treatment with acryloyl chloride converted syn-(hydroxymethyl,methyl)bimane 20 to its acrylate ester 21 (22%). Stoichiometric bromination of syn-(methyl,methyl)bimane 1 gave a monobromo derivative that was converted in situ by treatment with potassium acetate to syn-(acetoxymethyl,methyl)(methyl,methyl)bimane 47 . N-Amino-μ-amino-syn-(methylene,methyl)bimane 24 (68%) was obtained from a reaction between the dibromide 17 and hydrazine. Derivatives of the hydrazine 24 included a perchlorate salt and a hydrazone 25 derived from acetone. Dehydrogenation of syn-(tetramethylene)bimane 26 by treatment with dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) gave syn-(benzo,tetramethylene)bimane 27 (58%) and syn-(benzo)bimane 28 (29%). Bromination of the bimane 26 gave a dibromide 29 (92%) that was also converted by treatment with DDQ to syn-(benzo)bimane 28 . Treatment with palladium (10%) on charcoal dehydrogenated 5, 6, 10, 11-tetrahydro-7H,9H-benz [6, 7] indazol [1, 2a]benz[g]indazol-7,9-dione 35 to syn-(α-naphtho)bimane 36 (71%). The bimane 35 was prepared from 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-oxo-2-naphthoate 37 by stepwise treatment with hydrazine to give 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-benz[g]indazol-3-one 38 , followed by chlorine to give 3a-chloro-2,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-benz[g]indazol-3-one 39 , and base. Dehydrogenation over palladium converted the indazolone 34 to 1H-benz[g] indazol-3-ol 36 . Helicity for the hexacyclic syn-(α-naphtho)bimane 36 was confirmed by an analysis based on molecular modeling. The relative efficiencies (RE) for laser activity in the spectral region 500–530 nm were obtained for 37 syn-bimanes by reference to coumarin 30 (RE 100): RE > 80 for syn-bimanes 3, 5, 18 , and μ-(dicarbomethoxy)methylene-syn-(methylene,methyl)bimane 22 : RE 20–80: for syn-bimanes 1,2,4,20,24,26 , and μ-thia-syn-(methylene,methyl)bimane 50 : and RE 0-20 for 26 syn-bimanes. The bimane dyes tended to be more photostable and more water-soluble than coumarin 30. The diphosphonate 18 in dioxane showed laser activity at 438 nm and in water at 514 nm. Presumably helicity, that was demonstrated by molecular modeling, brought about a low fluorescence intensity for syn-(α-naphtho)bimane 36 , Φ0.1, considerably lower than obtained for syn-(benzo)bimane 28 , Φ0.9. 相似文献
84.
Quantitative analysis of MWCNT agglomeration in polymeric‐based membranes using atomic force microscope
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Hatijah Basri Masooma Irfan Muhammad Irfan Woei‐Jye Lau Sutrasno Kartohardjono 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2017,49(1):55-62
In this work, we performed an analysis on the surface properties of polyethersulfone (PES)‐based ultrafiltration membranes that were prepared by incorporating acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (f‐MWCNT) and polyvinylpyrrolidone into membrane matrix via simple blending method. The bonding‐chemistry of the nanocomposites implanted within the PES membrane was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer while atomic force microscope was employed to observe the distribution of f‐MWCNT in the membrane matrix and further measured its agglomeration quantitatively. The resultant 3D atomic force microscope images provided the most satisfactory way to examine the distribution of nanomaterials in the membranes, and with the help of ‘point profile data’ the maximum height and width of the agglomerated cluster could be quantitatively calculated. Moreover, the surface profile studies of the membrane surface provided the information about the length, volume, area, perimeter, radius and diameter of grains. It was observed that PES/nanocomposite blended membranes were held together via strong hydrogen bonding, but poor dispersion of MWCNT in the membrane matrix reduced the membrane performance in terms of protein (pepsin and bovine albumin serum) rejection and increased the surface roughness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
A. Lau M. Pfeiffer W. Werncke H.-J. Weigmann K. Lenz 《Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS》1988,19(5):353-357
Resonance CARS line-shape analysis has been applied to determine the parameters of the excited electronic state potential curves of a cyanine dye and its short-lived photoisomers during the process of photoisomerization. For this very complicated situation other methods for the estimation of these values would fail. The origin shift parameters determined are very small and the homogeneous line width is smaller than the line width of the absorption band. 相似文献
86.
M. Y. Chan S. L. Lai K. M. Lau M. K. Fung C. S. Lee S. T. Lee 《Advanced functional materials》2007,17(14):2509-2514
The present work investigates the influence of the n‐type layer in the connecting unit on the performance of tandem organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). The n‐type layer is typically an organic electron‐transporting layer doped with reactive metals. By systematically varying the metal dopants and the electron‐transporting hosts, we have identified the important factors affecting the performance of the tandem OLEDs. Contrary to common belief, device characteristics were found to be insensitive to metal work functions, as supported by the ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy results that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of all metal‐doped n‐type layers studied here have similar energy levels. It suggests that the electron injection barriers from the connecting units are not sensitive to the metal dopant used. On the other hand, it was found that performance of the n‐type layers depends on their electrical conductivities which can be improved by using an electron‐transporting host with higher electron mobility. This effect is further modulated by the optical transparency of constituent organic layers. The efficiency of tandem OLEDs would decrease as the optical transmittance decreases. 相似文献
87.
AlGaN/GaN异质结兰光激光器和发光管近年来得到很大的发展.高速和高功率的AlGaN/GaN异质结场效应管(HFET)的研究也得到很大的重视.AlGaN 薄层中的Al组分是决定此类器件的设计和性能的一个重要参量. 传统的测量组分的方法如XPS和Auger等方法需要大型的仪器,而且大多数方法是破坏性的,注意到AlGaN的禁带宽度Eg和Al组分有直接的关系,可以通过光学方法先测出Eg,用下式推算出Al的组分: Eg(AlGaN)= Eg(GaN)(1-x)+Eg(AlN)x-bx(1-x).其中x是… 相似文献
88.
采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对9,10-二(2-萘基)蒽(ADN)进行了B3LYP/6-31G水平上的分子结构优化、红外光谱、Raman光谱、紫外-可见光谱、分子前线轨道、Mulliken电荷等理论计算。研究结果表明:理论计算结果与实验数据吻合得较好,对IR、THz、UV-Vis吸收光谱和Raman散射光谱中的特征峰进行了归属,发现ADN在0.1~10 THz波谱范围内有5个明显的吸收峰,分别位于1.08、2.52、4.44、5.64及6.60 THz,其中5.64 THz的吸收是最强的,它是由萘环面外弯曲及蒽环面内摇摆振动产生的。ADN在紫外光波段有三个吸收峰,分别对应于386.34、352.98及352.50nm,其中386.34 nm的紫外吸收峰最强。ADN理论计算能隙值为3.516 eV,比实验值3.2 eV略高。ADN的Mulliken电荷计算表明,所有H原子的Mulliken电荷皆为正电荷,C原子Mulliken电荷与其具体的化学环境相关。 相似文献
89.
90.
Study of Low-Temperature Thermocompression Bonding
in Ag-In Solder for Packaging Applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Riko I Made Chee Lip Gan Li Ling Yan Aibin Yu Seung Wook Yoon John H. Lau Chengkuo Lee 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2009,38(2):365-371
Low-temperature solders have wide applications in integrated circuits and micro-electromechanical systems packaging. In this
article, a study on Ag-In solder for chip-to-chip thermocompression bonding was carried out. The resulting joint consists
of AgIn2 and Ag9In4 phases, with the latter phase having a melting temperature higher than 400°C. Complete consumption of In solder into a Ag-rich
intermetallic compound is achieved by applying a bond pressure of 1.4 MPa at 180°C for 40 min. We also observe that the bonding
pressure effect enables a Ag-rich phase to be formed within a shorter bonding duration (10 min) at a higher pressure of 1.6 MPa.
Finally, prolonged aging leads to the formation of the final phase of Ag9In4 in the bonded joints. 相似文献