NiO@CuO@Cu bilayered electrode: two-step electrochemical synthesis supercapacitor properties

Present work deals with a two-step synthesis and electrochemical properties of nickel oxide @copper oxide@copper (NiO@CuO@Cu) bilayered electrode. In the first step, anodization (40 V for 25 min) of Cu foil has been carried out for forming Cu-hydroxide@Cu which when annealed at 300 °C for 1 h produces CuO@Cu. In the second step, Ni-hydroxide is deposited onto CuO@Cu by applying current density of 0.03 A/cm² for 3 min which when re-annealed at 300 °C for 1 h gives out NiO@CuO@Cu bilayered electrode. Obtained NiO@CuO@Cu bilayered electrode demonstrates separate CuO and NiO phases. The electrochemical properties have obtained using cyclic voltammetry, galvonostatic charge-discharge, and Nyquist plot measurements that reveal an importance of NiO@CuO@Cu as a potential electrode material in the electrochemical supercapacitor application with 58.14, 51.25, and 4.73 F g^?1 values in 0.5 M, NaOH, KOH, and Na₂SO₄ electrolytes, respectively, measured at 2 mVs^?1 scan rate.     

The influence of distal substitution on the base-induced isomerization of long-chain terminal alkynes

When compared to a long-straight chain terminal alkyne, a long chain terminal alkyne with a distal isopropyl unit (isobranched) isomerizes about two times faster when treated with strong base under identical conditions, and appears to follow pseudo first order kinetics. In both cases, equilibration to a 95–97:5–3 mixture of terminal:internal alkyne accompanies isomerization. The difference in rate may be due to an unusual folding of both long-chain alkynes, bringing the distal substituent close to the carbon-carbon-triple bond moiety. The distal isopropyl moiety may provide unanticipated steric hindrance that disrupts such folding, making the propargylic proton more available for reaction with base.     

New spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of palladium

Summary A simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive method for the spectrophotometric determination of palladium is developed based on the reaction of Pd(II) with 1-amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone (AMHA). The reaction is carried out atpH 3.8 in 50% (v/v) ethanol-water medium. The molar absorptivity of the complexed ligand is 1.1 · 10⁴ l mol^–1 cm^–1 at 620 nm. Calibration plots are linear up to 17 µg Pd cm^–3. The optimum concentration range (Ringbom plot) is between 3–14.5 µg cm^–3. The spectral study of the reaction in solutions containing equimolar concentrations or an excess of one component, in thepH range 0.3–6.5, indicate the possible complex transitions that occur in solution. Complete graphical and logarithmic analysis of the absorbance-pH graphs was performed to demonstrate and characterize the complexation equilibria in solution. Under the optimum conditions, palladium can be determined as the noncharged complex Pd(AMHA)₂ in the presence of a large number of foreign ions. Interferences caused by zirconium(IV) could be masked with fluoride ions.

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Eine neue spektrophotometrische Methode für die Bestimmung von Palladium in Spuren

Zusammenfassung Eine einfache, schnelle und empfindliche Methode für die spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Palladium wurde auf der Basis der Reaktion von Pd(II) mit 1-Amino-4-hydroxyanthrachinon (AMHA) entwickelt. Die Reaktion wird in 50% (v/v) Ethanol/Wasser beipH 3.8 ausgeführt. Die molare Absorption des komplexierten Liganden beträgt 1.1 · 10⁴ l mol^–1 cm^–1 bei 620 nm. Kalibrierungskurven verlaufen bis zu 17 µg Pd cm^–3 linear. Der optimale Konzentrationsbereich (Ringbom-Plot) liegt zwischen 3 und 14.5 µg cm^–3. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Reaktion in Lösungen, entweder mit equimolaren Konzentrationen oder mit einem Überschuß an einer Komponente impH-Bereich 0.3–6.5, lassen Rückschlüsse auf mögliche Komplex-Übergänge in Lösung zu. Es wurde eine vollständige graphische, logarithmische Analyse der Absorptions-pH-Graphen durchgeführt, um die Komplexgleichgewichte in Lösung aufzuklären und zu charakterisieren. Unter den Optimalbedingungen kann Palladium als nichtgeladener Komplex Pd(AMHA)₂ in Gegenwart einer großen Anzahl an Fremd-Ionen bestimmt werden. Schwierigkeiten mit Zirkonium(IV) konnte durch Maskierung mit Fluorid-Ionen umgangen werden.

     

Comparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Study for the Simultaneous Determination of Dapagliflozin and Metformin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The discovery of potent antidiabetic drugs is of necessity owing to the rapid prevalence of diabetes worldwide. The investigation...     

A comprehensive analytical approach for policy analysis of system dynamics models

Formal tools to link system dynamics model’s structure to the system modes of behavior have recently become available. In this paper, we aim to expand the use of these tools to perform the model’s policy analysis in a more structured and formal way than the exhaustive exploratory approaches used to date. We consider how a policy intervention (a parameter change) affects a particular behavior mode by affecting the gains of particular feedback loops as well as how it affects the presence of that mode in the variable of interest. The paper demonstrates the utility of considering both of these aspects since the analysis provides an assessment of the overall impact of a policy on a variable and explains why the impact occurs in terms of structural changes in the model. Particularly in the context of larger models, this method enables a much more efficient search for leverage policies, by ranking the influence of each model parameter without the need for multiple simulation experiments.     

Solitary wave solutions of the improved KdV equation by VIM

The variational iteration method (VIM) is applied to solve numerically the improved Korteweg-de Vries equation (IKdV). A correction function is constructed with a general Lagrange multiplier that can be identified optimally via the variational theory. This technique provides a sequence of functions with easily computable components that converge rapidly to the exact solution of the IKdV equation. Propagation of single, interaction of two, and three solitary waves, and also birth of solitons have been discussed. Three invariants of motion have been evaluated to determine the conservation properties of the problem. This procedure is promising for solving other nonlinear equations.     

Numerical solution for a sub-diffusion equation with a smooth kernel

In this paper we study the numerical solution of an initial value problem of a sub-diffusion type. For the time discretization we apply the discontinuous Galerkin method and we use continuous piecewise finite elements for the space discretization. Optimal order convergence rates of our numerical solution have been shown. We compare our theoretical error bounds with the results of numerical computations. We also present some numerical results showing the super-convergence rates of the proposed method.     

Nonparametric estimation of location parameter after a preliminary test on regression in the multivariate case

For a simple multivariate regression model, nonparametric estimation of the (vector of) intercept following a preliminary test on the regression vector is considered. Along with the asymptotic distribution of these estimators, their asymptotic bias and dispersion matrices are studied and allied efficiency results are presented.     

Convergence and superconvergence analyses of HDG methods for time fractional diffusion problems

We study the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the spatial discretization of time fractional diffusion models with Caputo derivative of order 0 < α < 1. For each time t ∈ [0, T], when the HDG approximations are taken to be piecewise polynomials of degree k ≥ 0 on the spatial domain Ω, the approximations to the exact solution u in the L _∞(0, T; L ₂(Ω))-norm and to ?u in the \(L_{\infty }(0, \textit {T}; \mathbf {L}_{2}({\Omega }))\)-norm are proven to converge with the rate h ^k+1 provided that u is sufficiently regular, where h is the maximum diameter of the elements of the mesh. Moreover, for k ≥ 1, we obtain a superconvergence result which allows us to compute, in an elementwise manner, a new approximation for u converging with a rate h ^k+2 (ignoring the logarithmic factor), for quasi-uniform spatial meshes. Numerical experiments validating the theoretical results are displayed.     

On designing experiments for a dynamic response modeled by regression splines

Dynamic response systems are often found in science, engineering, and medical applications, but the discussion on experimental design for such a system is relatively rare in literature. For an experimenter, designing such experiments requires making decisions on (1) when or where to take response measurements along the dynamic variable and (2) how to choose the combination of experimental factors and their levels. The first consideration is unique for such experiments, especially when the measurement cost is high. In this paper, we present a design approach through the mixed‐effect linear model, which is based on a hierarchical B‐spline function for the dynamic response. We develop several theorems that can assist in finding a statistically efficient sampling plan and propose an algorithm for searching the D‐optimal design of a dynamic response system.