Profiles of Essential Oils and Correlations with Phenolic Acids and Primary Metabolites in Flower Buds of Magnolia heptapeta and Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens

Magnolia flower buds are a source of herbal medicines with various active compounds. In this study, differences in the distribution and abundance of major essential oils, phenolic acids, and primary metabolites between white flower buds of Magnolia heptapeta and violet flower buds of Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens were characterised. A multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between the white and violet flower buds with respect to primary and secondary metabolites closely related to metabolic systems. White flower buds contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), phenolic acids, aromatic amino acids, and monosaccharides, related to the production of isoprenes, as MH precursors, and the activity of MH synthase. However, concentrations of β-myrcene, a major MH compound, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds, possibly due to higher threonine levels and low acidic conditions induced by comparatively low levels of some organic acids. Moreover, levels of stress-related metabolites, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, proline, and glutamic acid, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds. Our results support the feasibility of metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemical differences and improve our understanding of the correlated biological pathways for primary and secondary metabolites.     

Photoinitiated RAFT polymerization of vinyl acetate

A photoinitiation process was investigated to develop a rapid and well‐controlled RAFT polymerization method applied to vinyl acetate (VAc) using methyl (ethoxycarbonothioyl)sulfanyl acetate (MESA) and bis(2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide as the RAFT agent and photoinitiator, respectively. MESA was selected as the photochemically inert RAFT agent to minimize photolysis of the thiocarbonylthio groups during polymerization. Poly(vinyl acetate) with a prespecified well‐controlled molecular weight (MW) and a narrow MW distribution was successfully synthesized. The polymerization reaction proceeded as a living polymerization and was remarkably rapid compared with approaches that use thermally initiated processes with a very short induction period. A detailed kinetic study of the mechanism underlying the polymerization reaction, however, revealed that the chain ends containing xanthate moieties were not perfectly stable upon UV‐irradiation, and they generated radicals via homolytic cleavage. This reaction appeared to proceed by a combination of a degenerative transfer RAFT mechanism and a dissociation‐combination mechanism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

First total synthesis of natural 6-epiplakortolide e

[reaction: see text] Natural 6-epiplakortolide E was first synthesized from readily available 1-bromo-10-phenyldecane in 10 steps by using singlet oxygen-mediated Diels-Alder reaction to form cyclic peroxide followed by a directed iodolactonization to give the peroxylactone core.     

Neutral Higgs bosons in the MNMSSM with explicit CP violation

Within the framework of the minimal non-minimal supersymmetric standard model (MNMSSM) with tadpole terms, CP violation effects in the Higgs sector are investigated at the one-loop level, where the radiative corrections from the loops of the quark and squarks of the third generation are taken into account. Assuming that the squark masses are not degenerate, the radiative corrections due to the stop and sbottom quarks give rise to CP phases which trigger the CP violation explicitly in the Higgs sector of the MNMSSM. The masses, the branching ratios for dominant decay channels, and the total decay widths of the five neutral Higgs bosons in the MNMSSM are calculated in the presence of explicit CP violation. The dependence of these quantities on the CP phases is quite recognizable, for given parameter values.     

He(I)/He(II) photoelectron band intensity ratios for simple organic molecules

Band intensifies in the He(I) and HE(II) photoelectron spectra of some simple organic molecules (methanol, methylamine, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, methyl formate, ethylene, butadiene and methyl isothiocyanate) have been measured. The relative band intensity ratios for a number of ionizations from n and π orbitals are presented.     

On the Self-Generation of Electrical Soliton Pulses

The nonlinear transmission line is a structure where short-duration pulses called electrical solitons can be created and propagated. By combining, in a closed-loop topology, the nonlinear line and a special amplifier that provides not only gain but also mechanisms to tame inherently unruly soliton dynamics, we recently constructed the first electrical soliton oscillator that self-generates a stable, periodic train of electrical soliton pulses (Ricketts , IEEE Trans. MTT, 2006). This paper starts with a review of this recently introduced circuit concept, and then reports on new contributions, i.e., further experimental studies of the dynamics of the stable soliton oscillator and a CMOS prototype demonstrating the chip-scale operation of the stable soliton oscillator. Finally, we go to the opposite end of the spectrum and present a numerical study showing the possibilities that deliberate promotions of the unruly soliton dynamics in the closed-loop topology can produce chaotic signals.     

Standing wave oscillators utilizing wave-adaptive tapered transmission lines

In this paper, we introduce a novel standing wave oscillator (SWO) utilizing standing-wave-adaptive tapered transmission lines. This structure enhances Q and lowers phase noise through loss-reducing shaping of the transmission line, such that it is adapted to the position-dependent amplitudes of standing waves. Measurements validate the advantages of the proposed technique. The phase noise of a MOS SWO with the tapered line is 5-10 dB less than that of a uniform-line MOS SWO over a wide range of offset frequencies, centered about 15 GHz. Demonstrating a valuable exploitation of standing wave properties, the novel design concept boosts the potential for the emergence of standing wave oscillators as a useful alternative to the traditional lumped LC oscillator.     

Growth and characterization of MOMBE grown HfO2

HfO₂ dielectric layers were grown directly on the p-type Si (1 0 0) by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE). Hafnium tetra-butoxide was used as a Hf precursor and pure oxygen was introduced to form an oxide layer. The properties of the layers with different thicknesses were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and capacitance–voltage (C–V) and current–voltage (I–V) analyses. XRD and HRTEM results showed that the HfO₂ films thinner than 12 nm were amorphous while the films thicker than 12 nm began to crystallize in the tetragonal and the monoclinic phases. The XPS spectra of O 1s show that the O---Si binding energies shifted to the lower binding energy with increasing the HfO₂ layer thickness. Moreover, the snap back phenomenon is observed in accumulation capacitance. These changes are believed to be linked with the decomposition of SiO and the crystallization of HfO₂ layer during the film growth.     

Sorption kinetics for the removal of aldehydes from aqueous streams with extractant impregnated resins

The sorption kinetics for the removal aldehydes from aqueous solutions with Amberlite XAD-16 and MPP particles impregnated with Primene JM-T was investigated. A model, accounting for the simultaneous mass transfer and chemical reaction, is developed to describe the process. It is based on the analogy to the diffusion and reaction in a stagnant liquid sphere, but corrected for the porosity and particle properties influencing the diffusion. The developed model describes the kinetic behavior of the process in the low concentration region rather well. However, in the high concentration region, larger discrepancies are observed. Initially, the influence of the flow rate was investigated to eliminate the effect of the external mass transfer. The influence of the particle morphology was investigated for both physical and reactive sorption. Physical sorption experiments were used to determine the factor τ that takes the particle properties influencing the diffusion into account. It was shown that the diffusion is faster in XAD-16 than in MPP impregnated systems. Reaction rate constant k _x was determined by fitting the model to the experimental data. Sorption of benzaldehyde appears to be significantly slower (k _x ∼10⁻⁴ l/mol s) than the sorption of pentanal (k _x ∼10⁻³ l/mol s) due to the slower chemical reaction. The influence of the particle size was investigated for the sorption of pentanal with XAD-16. It was observed that the particle size does influence the diffusion term, but does not have an effect on the reaction rate. On the other hand, the extractant loading influences the reaction rate slightly in the low concentration region, whereas the initial concentration of the solute has more pronounced effect.