Central limit theorem and weak law of large numbers with rates for martingales in Banach spaces

This paper is concerned with large-$\text{O}$ error estimates concerning convergence in distribution as well as norm convergence for Banach space-valued martingale difference sequences. Indeed, two general limit theorems equipped with rates of convergence for such difference sequences are established. Applications of these lead to the central limit theorem and the weak law of large numbers with rates for Banach space-valued martingales.     

Nucleic acid based biosensors: the desires of the user

The need for nucleic acid based diagnostic tests has increased enormously in the last few years. On the one hand, this has been stimulated by the discovery of new hereditary genetic disease loci following the completion of the Human Genome Project, but also by the presence of new rapidly spreading viral threats, such as that of the SARS epidemic, or even micro-organisms released for the purpose of biological warfare. As in many instances rapid diagnoses of specific target genetic loci is required, new strategies have to be developed, which will allow this to be achieved directly at the point-of-care setting. One of these avenues being explored is that of biosensors. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the art concerning the high-throughput analysis of nucleic acids, and address future requirements, which will hopefully be met by new biosensor-based developments.     

"Safe" Coulomb excitation of 30Mg

We report on the first radioactive beam experiment performed at the recently commissioned REX-ISOLDE facility at CERN in conjunction with the highly efficient gamma spectrometer MINIBALL. Using 30Mg ions accelerated to an energy of 2.25 MeV/u together with a thin (nat)Ni target, Coulomb excitation of the first excited 2+ states of the projectile and target nuclei well below the Coulomb barrier was observed. From the measured relative deexcitation gamma-ray yields the B(E2;0(+)gs-->2(+)1) value of 30Mg was determined to be 241(31)e2 fm4. Our result is lower than values obtained at projectile fragmentation facilities using the intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation method, and confirms the theoretical conjecture that the neutron-rich magnesium isotope 30Mg resides outside the "island of inversion."     

Measurement of the total active 8B solar neutrino flux at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with enhanced neutral current sensitivity

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory has precisely determined the total active (nu(x)) 8B solar neutrino flux without assumptions about the energy dependence of the nu(e) survival probability. The measurements were made with dissolved NaCl in heavy water to enhance the sensitivity and signature for neutral-current interactions. The flux is found to be 5.21 +/- 0.27(stat)+/-0.38(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), in agreement with previous measurements and standard solar models. A global analysis of these and other solar and reactor neutrino results yields Deltam(2)=7.1(+1.2)(-0.6) x 10(-5) eV(2) and theta=32.5(+2.4)(-2.3) degrees. Maximal mixing is rejected at the equivalent of 5.4 standard deviations.     

Tetronamides as latent acyclic vinylogous amides in formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition reactions with alpha,beta-unsaturated iminium salts. An unexpected rearrangement and an approach to synthesis of substituted piperidines

A detailed account regarding formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition reactions of tetronamides with alpha,beta-unsaturated iminium salts is described here. This investigation uncovers regioisomeric cycloadducts that were not found in previous studies involving this formal cycloaddition and an unexpected rearrangement that led to pyridines and dihydropyridines. Both stereochemical and regiochemical issues raised in this study provide further mechanistic insights into this cycloaddition. With careful control of reaction temperatures, the desired formal cycloadducts are obtained. Ensuing transformation of these cycloadducts into functionalized piperidines establishes the concept of employing tetronamides as latent acyclic vinylogous amides for the formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition.     

Ox-LDL suppresses PMA-induced MMP-9 expression and activity through CD36-mediated activation of PPAR-g

During chronic inflammatory response, mono- cytes/macrophages produce 92-kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which may contribute to their extravasation, migration and tissue remodeling. Activation of peroxisome proliferator- activated factor receptor-g (PPAR-g) has been shown to inhibit MMP-9 activity. To evaluate whether ox-LDL, a PPAR-g activator, inhibits PMA-induced MMP-9 expression and activity, and if so, whether CD36 and PPAR-g are involved in this process, we investigated the effect of ox-LDL on MMP-9 expression and activity in PMA-activated human monocytic cell line U937. PMA-induced MMP-9 expression and activity were suppressed by the treatment with ox-LDL (50 mg/ml) or PPAR-g activators such as troglitazone (5 mM), ciglitazone (5 mM), and 15d- PGJ2 (1 mM) for 24 h. This ox-LDL or PPAR-g activator-mediated inhibition of MMP-9 activity was diminished by the pre-treatment of cells with a blocking antibody to CD36, or PGF2a (0.3 mM), which is a PPAR-g inhibitor, as well as overexpression of a dominant-negative form of CD36. Taken together, these results suggest that ox-LDL suppresses PMA-induced MMP-9 expression and activity through CD36-mediated activation of PPAR-g.     

Responsive solids from cross-linked block copolymers

Novel responsive solids were prepared by randomly cross-linking the polyisoprene chains of a disordered polystyrene-polyisoprene block copolymer. Our experiments show that block copolymer chains, composed of hundreds of repeat units, can undergo reversible order-disorder transitions despite the quenched randomness that arises due to the attachment of one of the blocks to a cross-linked network. The structure, properties, and phase behavior of these materials are determined by a delicate interplay between the density of cross-links and the nature of the ordered state.     

InP(001)-(2 x 1) surface: a hydrogen stabilized structure

The InP(001)(2 x 1) surface has been reported to consist of a semiconducting monolayer of buckled phosphorus dimers. This apparent violation of the electron counting principle was explained by effects of strong electron correlation. Combining first-principles calculations with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy and LEED experiments, we find that the (2 x 1) reconstruction is not at all a clean surface: it is induced by hydrogen adsorbed in an alternating sequence on the buckled P dimers. Thus, the microscopic structure of the InP growth plane relevant to standard gas phase epitaxy conditions is resolved and shown to obey the electron counting rule.     

The selective functionalisation and difunctionalisation of p-substituted calix[6]arene and calix[8]arenes using hydrophilic moieties

Methodologies to access water soluble large ringed calixarenes in good yield using efficient synthetic procedures have been investigated. Symmetrical partial functionalisations at the lower rim are described using activated [n]ethylene glycol chains and the addition behaviour contrasted with that of bromoalkanenitriles which proceeds with no observed regioselectivity. Full functionalisations of the calixarenes bearing hydrophilic groups are then investigated and a two-step procedure established which appears to be generally applicable for the addition of different [n]ethylene glycol chains. Furthermore, difunctionalisation under different reaction conditions are described. Throughout, strategies for the characterisation of these high mass compounds are outlined.     

Gas adsorption in mcm-41 porous silicas dynamic measurements using SANS

The isothermal gas adsorption of two hexane isomers (n-hexane and cyclohexane) in the mesopores of MCM-41 silica have been investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). This has been achieved by performing SANS measurements under contrast matching conditions for the silica matrix and condensed hydrocarbon confined in the mesopores. Insight into the kinetics of adsorption have been derived from changes in the intensity of the (100) diffraction peak associated with the ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure of the MCM-41 silica.