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941.
Williams Lawrence K. Seybolt John W. Pinder Craig C. 《Engineering Management Review, IEEE》1985,13(3):23-30
The administration of a questionnaire is much more difficult than implied in the phrase noted earlier, "The questionnaire was administered to all members of the system on system time." Every person who has used the technique more than once or twice is, or should be aware of many of the things mentioned above. Somehow their hard won inspirations are not passed on to others and the uninitiated wander in and come away bloodied if not bowed. 相似文献
942.
943.
The structure of kink solutions to the Einstein field equations is discussed and the most general form of spherically symmetric kink metric is constructed. A number of fluid solutions are investigated and an imperfect fluid solution with nonzero heat conduction is presented. 相似文献
944.
JimMorris Dr.Matthew J.O’Keefe 《电子工业专用设备》2004,33(12):1-5
目前,无铅钎料应用的日益推广使得波峰焊设备问题更加突出.其中主要的问题是设备的腐蚀及材料的寿命.为此,许多设备制造商提出了不同的方案来解决此类问题.这些方案涉及范围从不对元件进行改进到使用昂贵的金替代整个钎料锅及喷嘴.本文对制造波峰焊设备"钎料元件"的所用材料进行评估. 相似文献
945.
Williams K.A. Burns D. White I.H. Sibbett W. Fice M.J. 《Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE》1993,5(8):867-869
High-peak-power picosecond pulses with ultralow jitter of 65 fs (50-500 Hz) have been generated by Q -switching multi-quantum-well (MQW) distributed-feedback (DFB) and Fabry-Perot (FP) multicontact lasers. Peak pulse powers of 80 mW have been measured for pulses having durations of 26 ps and repetition rates of 1.25 GHz 相似文献
946.
The tensile behavior and microstructure of bulk, Sn-3.5Ag solders as a function of cooling rate were studied. Cooling rate
is an important processing parameter that affects the microstructure of the solder and, therefore, significantly influences
mechanical behavior. Controlled cooling rates were obtained by cooling specimens in different media: water, air, and furnace.
Cooling rate significantly affected secondary dendrite-arm size and spacing of the Sn-rich phase, as well as the aspect ratio
of Ag3Sn. The Sn-rich dendrite-arm size and spacing were smaller for water-cooled specimens than for air-cooled specimens. Furnace
cooling yielded a nearly eutectic microstructure because the cooling rate approached equilibrium cooling. The morphology of
Ag3Sn also changed from spherical, at a fast cooling rate, to a needlelike morphology for slower cooling. The changes in the
microstructure induced by the cooling rate significantly affected the mechanical behavior of the solder. Yield strength was
found to increase with increasing cooling rate, although ultimate tensile strength and strain-to-failure seemed unaffected
by cooling rate. Cooling rate did not seem to affect Young’s modulus, although a clear coorelation between modulus and porosity
was obtained. The mechanical behavior was correlated with the observed microstructure, and fractographic analysis was employed
to elucidate the underlying damage mechanisms. 相似文献
947.
We present an iterative algorithm for calibrating vector network analyzers based on orthogonal distance regression. The algorithm features a robust, yet efficient, search algorithm, an error analysis that includes both random and systematic errors, a full covariance matrix relating calibration and measurement errors, 95% coverage factors, and an easy-to-use user interface that supports a wide variety of calibration standards. We also discuss evidence that the algorithm outperforms the MultiCal software package in the presence of measurement errors and accurately estimates the uncertainty of its results. 相似文献
948.
Stephen H. Cody Philip N. Dubbin Andrew D. Beischer Noel D. Duncan John S. Hill Andrew H. Kaye David A. Williams 《Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)》1993,24(6):573-580
A fluorescent pH indicator in conjunction with confocal microscopy, was used to map intracellular pH in a variety of cells and tissues with high spatial resolution. The new pH-sensitive fluorescent probe SNARF-1 was excited with the 488 nm band of the argon ion laser of a Bio-Rad MRC-500 confocal microscope. Ratio images were created with pixel-by-pixel division, with the intensity of these images representing a function of pH, that is independent of dye concentration, photobleaching or path length. Cell cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle were loaded with 20 μм SNARF-1/AM for 20 min at 37°C. Intracellular pH levels were calibrated in situ by treatment of each cell with nigericin (20 μм) in solutions of known pH. The cytosolic pH of the majority of cells was uniform, however, pH gradients were evident between the cytosol and nuclear regions, indicating the ability of this technique to map intracellular and intraorganelle pH. Rat C6 glioblastoma spheroids were cultured then loaded with SNARF-1/AM at 10°C for 90 min. The pH values were calibrated in vitro, using SNARF-1 acid in buffered solutions of known pH. Ratio images of the bisected spheroids showed a marked gradient in pH from the outer cells compared with central necrotic cells. The degree of involvement of acidification in muscle fatigue was investigated by simultaneously determining force generation and intracellular pH in individual fibres of an intact rat muscle. The investigation was performed during a stimulation protocol which induced significant fatigue in the force response of the muscle. The fatigue protocol induced little change in cytosolic pH in the fibres. We show that the use of SNARF-1, in conjunction with confocal microscopy is a powerful technique for accurately mapping pH within single cells, multicellular tissues and intact organs, as well as for accurately recording dynamic changes in pH. 相似文献
949.
950.
Chris Sherlaw-Johnson Steve Gallivan Jim Burridge 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1995,46(3):405-410
Markov chains are frequently used in Operational Research to describe how a system changes over time, its behaviour being governed by its transition matrix. This paper describes a technique for finding a maximum likelihood estimate for such a transition matrix when a system is observed at infrequent time intervals. The technique is called the EM Algorithm which, for this kind of problem, has distinct advantages over other methods of optimization. 相似文献