Photodecomposition of several compounds commonly used as sunscreen agents

The photolysis reactions of three compounds commonly used as a sunscreen agents, Parsol 1789 (1-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3- propanedione), Oxybenzone ((2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl-methanone) and Padimate O (2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate), were investigated to provide a chemical background to aid in the understanding of the photosensitization of the sunscreen agents. Photolysis was carried out in cyclohexane for 70–140 h using a mercury vapor lamp (450W) without excluding oxygen.

Irradation of Parsol 1789 in cyclohexane yielded tert-butylbenzene, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid and p-methoxybenzoic acid; products obtained from the combination of the sunscreen with the solvent included the cyclohexyl esters of p-methoxybenzoic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid and methanoic acid; products obtained from the solvent included cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone and dicyclohexyl ether.

Irradiation of Oxybenzone in the cyclohexane for 100 h produced no detectable products by either gas or liquid chromatographic analysis. Oxybenzone was recovered unchanged and no products were observed from the photoinitiated reaction of oxygen with the solvent.

Irradiation of Padimate O in cyclohexane yielded the ethylhexyl esters of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-monomethylaminobenzoic acid and p-dimethylamino (o/m)-methylbenzoic acid, as well as products from the photoinitiated reaction of oxygen with the solvent.     

Asymptotic behaviors of competitive Lotka-Volterra system with stage structure

In this paper, a two-species competitive model with stage structure is presented and studied. Results on the global extinction and permanence are given, which generalize the well-known three theorems for the two species competitive system and, moreover, they confirm the negative effect of stage structure on the permanence of populations as well as estimate the degree of such effect. Conclusions in this paper suggest that for a competitive community stage structure is also one of the important reasons that cause permanence and extinction.     

An electromigration failure model for interconnects under pulsedand bidirectional current stressing

An electromigration failure model which can be used to project the electromigration lifetime under pulsed DC and AC current stressing has been reported. The experimental results indicate that different metallization systems (Al-2%Si, Al4%Cu/TiW, and Cu) show similar failure behaviors, which can be explained and predicted by this model. The pulsed DC lifetime is found to be longer than DC lifetime, and the AC lifetime is found to be very much longer. This recognition can provide significant relief to circuit designs involving metals carrying pulsed DC and AC currents, and allow a more aggressive design to improve circuit density and speed     

Electron-beam controlled switching using quartz and polycrystallineZnS

Results of electron-beam controlled switching experiments with switch samples of quartz crystal and polycrystalline zinc selenide (ZnSe) are presented. For switch samples of both materials, drastic reductions of the switch resistance were induced by the electron beam. The quartz sample showed very fast temporal response (less than 1 ns) with potential applicability for current control. The ZnSe samples, on the other hand, showed longer current transients (on the order of 10 ns) with exponential development of the switch resistance after the electron beam pulse     

HfOxNy的场发射特性

用直流溅射和高温退火相结合的方法制备了HfOxNy薄膜并测试了其场发射性能,发现其具有较低的开启电场、较大的发射电流密度以及很好的发射稳定性.高压"锻炼"对提高HfOxNy场发射性能起着关键作用,这与高压"锻炼"下薄膜内部结构和表面性质的改变有关.对场发射机理的研究表明,HfOxNy的场发射符合经典的FN隧穿理论.     

OPNET的网络仿真机制及仿真建模方法

随着计算机技术和通信技术的迅猛发展，网络仿真已成为时下研究、规划、设计网络不可缺少的工具。本文以OPNET为例，在系统研究OPNET网络仿真机制的基础上，着重探讨了OPNET的网络仿真建模方法。     

地域通信网的干扰技术研究

本文在分析地域通信网结构及组成的基础上,研究了对地域通信网实施的节点破坏、末端信息封锁、局部阻塞瘫痪等对抗方法,并使用干扰地域通信网的程度、节点干扰率、末端节点封锁率和传递信息误差率等指标对干扰效果进行评估。     

构建完整的宽带网络综合计费管理系统

为适应网络发展的需要 ,有线宽带运营商需要通过一套完整的宽带网络计费管理系统 ,从硬件到软件、从前台到后台对各个方面进行管理 ,实现统一、规范、快速的信息化、网络化电脑管理 ,降低运营成本 ,提高工作效率 ,以过硬的服务质量、优惠的价格、丰富的内容吸引用户。     

基于媒体用户访问行为偏好模型的代理缓存算法

目前,代理缓存技术广泛应用于改善流媒体传输的服务质量.文章从实际用户日志文件的分析出发,利用发现的用户浏览流媒体对象时的行为分布模型,提出了一种新的视频流媒体缓存算法.仿真结果证明,该算法可以通过记录很少的用户访问信息获取较高的性能表现.     

苯和甲苯差分吸收光谱方法的实验室测量研究

本文介绍了差分光学吸收光谱法(DOAS)测量大气污染气体浓度的基本原理。DOAS方法就是利用氙灯发出的紫外—可见光，经望远镜准直后再经过一段距离的传输，由望远镜来接收．在传输中，由于各种不同的分子在不同的波段对光有不同的吸收特征，使光谱具有了污染物的特征，再通过与光源发出的光进行比较，反演这些气体在大气中浓度．我们将DOAS方法应用在监测有机物上，在分析光谱的过程中，应用多项式拟合和最小二乘法，从而精确地从测量光谱中来反演出大气中污染气体的浓度．文中用DOAS方法测量了苯和甲苯的样品，并分析了结果，结果和理论吻合．可为环境中有机污染物监测提供可靠的方法。