Micellar and salt effects on the interaction of [Cu(II)‐Gly‐Gly]+ with ninhydrin

The effect of cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the kinetics of interaction of copper dipeptide complex [Cu(II)‐Gly‐Gly]⁺ with ninhydrin has been studied spectrophotometrically at 70°C and pH 5.0. The reaction follows first‐ and fractional‐order kinetics, respectively, in complex and ninhydrin. The reaction is catalyzed by CTAB micelles, and the maximum rate enhancement is about twofold. The results obtained in the micellar medium are treated quantitatively in terms of the kinetic pseudophase and Piszkiewicz models. The rate constants (k_obs or k_Ψ), micellar‐binding constants (k_S for [Cu(II)‐Gly‐Gly]⁺, k_N for ninhydrin), and index of cooperativity (n) have been evaluated. A mechanism is proposed in accordance with the experimental results. The influence of different inorganic (NaCl, NaBr, Na₂SO₄) and organic (NaBenz, NaSal) salts on the reaction rate has also been seen, and it is found that tightly bound/incorporated counterions are the most effective. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 556–564, 2007     

Fluorene Based Ferric Complex as Colorimetric and Fluorometric Probe for Highly Selective Detection of CN− and S2− Anions

Journal of Fluorescence - A series of new chemosensor molecules bearing benzothiazole-, quinoline- and phthalazine-functionalized fluorene derivatives were synthesized and their complexation...     

Exploiting W. Ellison model for seawater communication at gigahertz frequencies based on world ocean atlas data

Electromagnetic (EM) waves used to send signals under seawater are normally restricted to low frequencies () because of sudden exponential increases of attenuation () at higher . The mathematics of EM wave propagation in seawater demonstrate dependence on relative permeability (), relative permittivity (), conductivity (), and of transmission. Estimation of and based on the W. Ellison interpolation model was performed for averaged real‐time data of temperature () and salinity () from 1955 to 2012 for all oceans with latitude/longitude points and 101 depth points up to 5500 m. Estimation of parameters such as real and imaginary parts of , , , , loss tangent (tan ), propagation velocity (), phase constant (), and contributes to absorption loss () for seawater channels carried out by using normal distribution fit in the 3 GHz–40 GHz range. We also estimated total path loss () in seawater for given transmission power and antenna (dipole) gain. MATLAB is the simulation tool used for analysis.     

MSTP以太传输网性能测量与分析

MSTP作为一种可以同时对数据业务和语音业务传输进行优化的技术,正越来越多地受到电信运营商的青睐.在MSTP的实际应用中,网络传输性能是用户和运营商所共同关注的问题.本文结合实例介绍了一种测量和分析方法,通过这种方法可以有效地分析MSTP以太网通道端到端的业务质量,评测以太网通道的实际带宽,实现符合RFC2544标准的性能测试与分析.     

Methane activation and oxidation in sulfuric acid

The H/D exchange observed when methane is contacted with D(2)SO(4) at 270-330 degrees C shows that the alkane behaves as a sigma base and undergoes rapid and reversible protonation at this temperature. DFT studies of the hydrogen exchange between a monomer and a dimer of sulfuric acid and methane show that the transition states involved in the exchange are bifunctional, that is one hydrogen atom is transferred from a hydroxy group in sulfuric acid to methane, while one hydrogen atom is abstracted from methane by a non-hydroxy oxygen atom in sulfuric acid. All the transition states include a CH(5) moiety, which shows similarities to the methanium ion CH(5) (+). The calculated potential activation energy of the hydrogen exchange for the monomer is 174 kJ mol(-1), which is close to the experimental value (176 kJ mol(-1)). Solvation of the monomer and the transition state of the monomer with an extra sulfuric acid molecule, decrease the potential activation energy by 6 kJ mol(-1). The acid-base process is in competition, however, with an oxidative process involving methane and sulfuric acid which leads to CO(2), SO(2), and water, and thus to a decrease of acidity and loss of reactivity of the medium.     

Zum Mechanismus der Ninhydrin-Reduktion nach polarographischen Untersuchungen in methanolischen Lösungen

Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse der polarographischen Reduktion von Ninhydrin in wasserfr. methanol. Lösungen werden mitgeteilt. Der Einfluß von Protonendonatoren (z. B. Benzoesäure) sowie von Substanzen, welche Protonisierungsreaktionen und die Wasserstoffabscheidung katalysieren (z. B. N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylendiamin=DMPD) wird ermittelt. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen wird auch die dritte, soloatisierte Ketogruppe reduzierbar. Die Desoloatation wird auf die stufenweise Abdissoziation von H⁺ und OH^– bzw. OR^– zurückgeführt.Das an der Elektrodenoberfläche adsorbierteDMPD wirkt bei der Reduktion der freien Ketogruppen als Protonenüberträger, bei der Reduktion der soloatisierten aber auch als Protonenakzeptor.Die exper. Ergebnisse der polarographischen Reduktion in methanol. Lösung stützen den aus vorangegangenen Untersuchungen in wäßr. Lösung aufgestellten Reduktionsmechanismus.

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The polarographic behaviour of ninhydrin is investigated in water-free methanolic solutions. The effect of addition of protondonors (e.g., benzoic acid) and of substances catalyzing protontransfer-and hydrogen-discharge-reactions (e.g., N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine=DMPD) on the characteristics of the polarographic waves is described. Under well defined conditions all three keto-groups can be reduced. The reduction of the soloated keto-group involves the elimination of water by stepwise dissociation of H⁺ and OH^– (OR^–) ions. DMPD, adsorbed on the surface of the electrode, acts as proton-carrier in the reduction of the two free keto-groups, and also as proton-acceptor in the reduction of the third, soloated group.The experimental results of the polarographic reduction of ninhydrin in methanol confirm the mechanism of reduction in aqueous solutions previously presented.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Determination of Lead Using a New Chromogenic Reagent 2-(2-Sulfo-4-acetylphenylazo)-7-(2,4,6-trichlorophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic Acid

A novel chromogenic reagent, 2-(2-sulfo-4-acetylphenylazo)-7-(2,4,6-trichlorophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid 1, was prepared by diazo coupling of 4-acetylaniline-2-sulfonic acid and 2,4,6-trichloroaniline to chromotropic acid through –N=N– groups. Based on this reagent, a simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of lead. In 0.20M phosphoric acid medium, lead reacts with 1 to form a 1:2 blue complex with an absorption maximum of 654nm. Beers law is obeyed in the range of 0–0.6mgL^–1 of lead. The apparent molar absorptivity is 1.25×10⁵Lmol^–1cm^–1. The detection limit and quantification limit were found to be 0.63µgL^–1 and 2.1µgL^–1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for eleven replicate measurements was of 2.6%. The interference of foreign ions was also investigated. All the other foreign ions studied did not interfere with lead determination except for Ca(II) and Ba(II). The interference caused by Ca(II) and Ba(II) can be eliminated by prior extraction of lead with potassium iodide-methylisobutylketone (KI-MIBK). The proposed method was applied to the determination of lead in certified samples with satisfactory results.     

Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Famotidine in Pharmaceutical Preparations

A kinetic method for the accurate and sensitive determination of famotidine has been described. The method is based on the alkaline oxidation of famotidine with potassium permanganate at a fixed time of 10 min. The formed manganate ion is measured at 610 nm. The concentration of famotidine is calculated using the calibration equation for the fixed time method. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1–10 μg/mL and the R.S.D. (n = 10) was 0.47%. The method has been applied successfully to commercial tablet dosage form.     

Catalytic asymmetric chiral lithium amide-promoted epoxide rearrangement: a NMR spectroscopic and kinetic investigation

The lithium amide derived from the chiral diamine (1R,3S,4S)-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, has been reported to catalytically deprotonate cyclohexene oxide and other epoxides, yielding chiral allylic alcohols in excellent enantiomeric excess. In this work, ⁶Li, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the aggregation of the chiral lithium amide in THF and the influence on the aggregation by the addition of additives, such as 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The activated complex under catalytic deprotonation of cyclohexene oxide, that is, with excess Li-DBU and free DBU, is built from one monomer of the chiral lithium amide, one molecule of epoxide and one additional molecule of DBU. The reaction order (?0.97) obtained for the bulk base Li-DBU shows an inverse dependence on the concentration, suggesting a deaggregation of the initial mixed dimer to a monomer-based transition state containing a monomer of the lithium amide.