The Effect of Added Salts and Organics on the Cloud Point of TX‐114

Herein we report the effect of additives (salts and organics) on the cloud point (CP) of nonionic surfactant Triton X‐114 (TX‐114) aqueous solutions. CP showed a concentration dependent variation in the absence of any added compound. Addition of quaternary ammonium (or phosphonium) bromides to 0.8 mM TX‐114 solutions increased the CP. It was found that long chain alcohols and amines decreased the CP of 0.8 mM TX‐114 +80 mM Bu₄AmB aqueous system, while it either remained constant or increased in the presence of short chain additives. The effect of first group additives (long chain) can be explained by considering that these additives solubilize in interfacial region and assist in micellar growth. Short chain additives remain in aqueous phase and affect the micelle hydration by affecting the solvent. Pentylamine behaved differently than pentanol: pentylamine increased the CP (like short chain additives) while pentanol decreased the CP. In pentylamine, the hydrophilicity of NH₂ group and its dissociation into NH₃ ⁺ dominates over the hydrophobicity of its alkyl chain. Aliphatic hydrocarbons first decreased and then increased the CP. The overall behavior depended upon the chain length of the hydrocarbon. With decane, the CP decreasing region disappeared completely.     

The Surface and Thermodynamic Properties of Ethoxylated Sodium Monoalkyl Sulfosuccinate Surfactants

A series of ethoxylated sodium monooctyl sulfosuccinates [E(n)SMOSS] and ethoxylated sodium monolauryl sulfosuccinates [E(n)SMLSS] have different units of ethylene oxide (n = 9, 14, 23) were synthesized. The surface and thermodynamic properties of these surfactants have been compared with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant (SDOSS) as a commonly used surfactant. The surface tension measurements at 25, 35, 45, and 55°C were used to determine of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface active properties of these surfactants. The effect of the ethylene oxide (EO) unit and the alkyl chain length on the surface properties for the prepared surfactants was studied. The results show that the ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinates generally have lower values of CMC than that of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The values of surface active parameters indicate that the ethoxylated sodium monooctyl sulfosuccinates and ethoxylated sodium monolauryl sulfosuccinates surfactants have adsorption properties better than the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant as a resulted presence of ethylene oxide in molecules of the prepared surfactants. The thermodynamic parameters show that the (EO) unites in the chemical structure of ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate surfactants improve their micellization and adsorption properties.     

Comparative estimate of the efficiency of the sorption extraction of iodine from chloride solutions

The possibility of applying activated carbon and polymeric sorbents poly(4-vinylpyridine), polytrimethylsilylpropyne (PTMSP), bromo-substituted PNMSP (Br-PNMSP), poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodide) for the sorption recovery of iodine from a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride is studied. The dependence of iodine sorption on the pH of solution, the amount of adsorbent, and the duration of contact between the solution and adsorbent is studied. The highest sorption capacity (G = 616.78 mg/g) is attained by using poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodide) anionite with the addition of iodine to form complex triiodide ions. The dynamics of iodine adsorption on poly(4-vinylpyridine) is described by a kinetic model of pseudosecond order. The composition and structure of the iodine compounds sorbed by polymers and activated carbon are studied by Raman spectroscopy (RS).     

A Mechanistic Investigation of the Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Aromatic Alcohols Using a Ferrocene‐Based Planar Chiral 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine Catalyst

A detailed computational and kinetic analysis of the acetylation of 1‐phenylethanol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by planar chiral 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) catalyst (?)‐ 1 is presented. The study includes a computational investigation of the potential‐energy surface including the acylation and stereoselective transition states at the DFT level of theory. Experimentally, the kinetic study shows that the reaction proceeds in a first‐order manner in catalyst, whereas both substrates, acetic anhydride and 1‐phenylethanol, show fractional order, which is in accordance with steady‐state conditions. The fractional order depends on an equilibrium between the free catalyst and the acetylated catalyst.     

Aldehyde Intermediates in the Synthesis of Tacamine-Type Indole Alkaloids: Preparation of (±)-apotacamine

The synthesis of aldehyde intermediates suitable for the preparation of indole alkaloids of the tacamine ( 1 ) type is described. The four possible aldehydes 4–7 were prepared from methyl 5-ethylnicotinate ( 8 ) in a few simple steps using a base-catalyzed epimerization as the final step (Schemes 1 and 2). The key aldehyde 4 , which is an analogue of the important vincamine intermediate 3 (‘Oppolzer's aldehyde’), was finally converted into the indole alkaloid (±)-apotacamine ( 21 ).     

A facile synthesis of novel 1,4-benzoxazepin-2-one derivatives

An efficient and simple synthesis of 1,4-benzoxazepin-2-one derivatives has been achieved via the reaction of isoquinoline, activated acetylenes, and 1-(6-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-1-benzofuran-yl)-1-ethanone in water without using any catalyst. This one-pot reaction occurs in high yields under mild conditions.     

Aggregates of iron in ytterbium films

Films of ytterbium doped with iron (0.3?C1.6 at.% Fe) have been prepared by co-deposition of atomic beams of the elements onto Kapton substrates under high vacuum. Iron is immiscible in ytterbium and various iron species are expected to occur. XRD reveals a mixture of fcc and hcp ytterbium. The Mössbauer spectra are interpreted with contributions from monomeric iron on interstitial sites, two types of neighboring substitutional iron aggregates and two types of clusters formed upon diffusion. The present data supplement earlier data obtained for 0.5 and 5 at.% Fe. There is no systematic correlation of cluster formation with increasing iron concentration. There are indications that clusters are formed more easily for thin films. We conclude that cluster formation occurs mainly on the film surface and is limited by the slow diffusion from inside films.     

Device Performance Optimization of Organic Thin-Film Transistors at Short-Channel Lengths Using Vertical Channel Engineering Techniques

Semiconductors - This paper presents a finite-element-based two-dimensional numerical simulation study of the vertical channel engineering approaches for controlling the short-channel effects...