排序方式: 共有69条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
12.
Anthony JM Garrett 《Contemporary Physics》2013,54(2):163-165
The dynamic electronic structure of atoms and molecules can be directly observed by means of the (e, 2e) reaction, which measures the distribution of energies and momenta of two electrons in coincidence after a knockout reaction initiated by an electron beam of known momentum incident on a molecular gas target. The molecular state for each event is identified by the electron separation energy. The recoil momentum for each event is known from the difference of measured initial and final momenta. It has been verified that values of this momentum are equal under suitable conditions to the momentum of the electron in the target immediately before knockout. Thus the spherically-averaged electron momentum distribution for each molecular orbital is measured. This is directly related to molecular orbitals calculated by the methods of quantum chemistry. Properties obtained by this method for different types of molecules are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Jean-Marc?Le?CaillecEmail author Rene?Garello 《Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing》2005,16(1):49-84
In this paper, we derive the asymptotic bias and variance of conventional bispectrum estimates of 2-D signals. Two methods have been selected for the estimation: the first one – the indirect method – is the Fourier Transform of the weighted third order moment, while the second one – the direct method – is the expectation of the Fourier component product. Most of the developments are known for 1-D signals and the first contribution of this paper is the rigorous extension of the results to 2-D signals. The calculation of the bias of the direct method is a totally original contribution. Nevertheless, we did all calculations (bias and variance) for both method in order to be able to compare the results. The second contribution of this paper consists of the comparison of the theoretical bispectrum estimate bias and variance with the measured bias and variance for two 2-D signals. The first studied signal is the output of a non-minimal phase linear system driven by a non-symmetric noise. The second signal is the output of a non-linear system with Gaussian input data. In order to assess the results, we performed the comparison for both methods with different sets of parameters. We show that the maximum bias coefficient is the one of the 1-D case multiplied by the dimensionality of the signal for both methods. We also show that the estimate variance coefficient is the 1-D case coefficient with a power equal to the signal dimensionality.Received October 21, 2002; Revised December 2003; Accepted March 25, 2004; First Online Version published in December 2004 相似文献
14.
Alves GA Amato S Anjos JC Appel JA Astorga J Bracker SB Cremaldi LM Dagenhart WD Darling CL Dixon RL Errede D Fenker HC Gay C Green DR Jedicke R Karchin PE Kennedy C Kwan S Lueking LH de Mello Neto JR Metheny J Milburn RH de Miranda JM da Motta Filho H Napier A Passmore D Rafatian A dos Reis AC Ross WR Santoro AF Sheaff M Souza MH Spalding WJ Stoughton C Streetman ME Summers DJ Takach SF Wallace A Wu Z 《Physical review letters》1996,77(12):2388-2391
15.
Cletus A D'Souza Vikramjit Chopra Richard Varhol Yuan-Yun Xie Slavita Bohacec Yongjun Zhao Lisa LC Lee Mikhail Bilenky Elodie Portales-Casamar An He Wyeth W Wasserman Daniel Goldowitz Marco A Marra Robert A Holt Elizabeth M Simpson Steven JM Jones 《BMC neuroscience》2008,9(1):1-14
Background
We have recorded responses from single neurons in murine visual cortex to determine the effectiveness of the input from the two murine cone photoreceptor mechanisms and whether there is any unique selectivity for cone inputs at this higher region of the visual system that would support the possibility of colour vision in mice. Each eye was stimulated by diffuse light, either 370 (strong stimulus for the ultra-violet (UV) cone opsin) or 505 nm (exclusively stimulating the middle wavelength sensitive (M) cone opsin), obtained from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the presence of a strong adapting light that suppressed the responses of rods.Results
Single cells responded to these diffuse stimuli in all areas of striate cortex. Two types of responsive cells were encountered. One type (135/323 – 42%) had little to no spontaneous activity and responded at either the on and/or the off phase of the light stimulus with a few impulses often of relatively large amplitude. A second type (166/323 – 51%) had spontaneous activity and responded tonically to light stimuli with impulses often of small amplitude. Most of the cells responded similarly to both spectral stimuli. A few (18/323 – 6%) responded strongly or exclusively to one or the other spectral stimulus and rarely in a spectrally opponent manner.Conclusion
Most cells in murine striate cortex receive excitatory inputs from both UV- and M-cones. A small fraction shows either strong selectivity for one or the other cone mechanism and occasionally cone opponent responses. Cells that could underlie chromatic contrast detection are present but extremely rare in murine striate cortex. 相似文献16.
本文报导了采用氩离子激光器来泵浦Pr3+:YLF晶体,应用声光调制器实现了主动锁模;同时应用振动─高反射平面镜也实现了被动锁模,两种锁模均得到了ps光脉冲.据作者了解这是这种晶体材料的第一次锁模运转. 相似文献
17.
We present a general method for the linear least-squares solutionof overdetermined and underdetermined systems. The method isparticularly efficient when the coefficient matrix is quasi-square,that is when the number of rows and number of columns is almostthe same. The numerical methods for linear least-squares problemsand minimum-norm solutions do not generally take account ofthis special characteristic. The proposed method is based onLU factorization of the original quasi-square matrix A, assumingthat A has full rank. In the overdetermined case, the LU factorsare used to compute a basis for the null space of AT. The right-handside vector b is then projected onto this subspace and the least-squaressolution is obtained from the solution of this reduced problem.In the case of underdetermined systems, the desired solutionis again obtained through the solution of a reduced system.The use of this method may lead to important savings in computationaltime for both dense and sparse matrices. It is also shown inthe paper that, even in cases where the matrices are quite small,sparse solvers perform better than dense solvers. Some practicalexamples that illustrate the use of the method are included. 相似文献
18.
19.
Polubarinova-Kochina's analytical differential equation methodis used to determine the pseudo-steady-state solution to problemsinvolving the freezing (solidification) of wedges of liquidwhich are initially at their fusion temperature. In particular,we consider four distinct problems for wedges which are: freezingwith the same constant boundary temperature, freezing with thesame constant boundary heat fluxes, freezing with distinct constantboundary temperatures and freezing with distinct constant fluxesat the boundaries. For the last two problems, a Heun's differentialequation with an unknown singularity is derived, which in bothcases admits a particularly elegant simple solution for thespecial case when the wedge angle is . The moving boundariesobtained are shown pictorially. 相似文献
20.
ER Badman GE Patterson JM Wells RE Santini RG Cooks 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》1999,34(8):889-894
Dual-detector differential non-destructive Fourier transform detection in a quadrupole ion trap is shown to improve signal intensity and reduce noise compared with spectra recorded using a single detector. A larger area detector in each end-cap electrode is machined to fit its hyperbolic shape and so minimize field imperfections on the z-axis. Argon, acetophenone and bromobenzene spectra were recorded to allow a comparison between single- and dual-detector (differential) modes of detection and to demonstrate the improvement achieved with differential detection. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献