Preparation of cellulose and cellulose derivative azo compounds

Wood pulp and cotton linter are the most common sources of cellulose forindustrial use. Methyl cellulose (MC) and cellulose sulfate (CS) were preparedusing bleached wood pulp and cotton linter. Coloured azo compounds were alsoprepared from coupling cellulose, wood pulp, MC and CS with aromatic diazoniumsalt. The presence of electron-releasing or withdrawing substituents affectedthe electrophilic substitution reaction. The produced azo compounds werecharacterized by FT-IR methodology, as well as mass spectrometry, in which thefunctional groups and the ion fragments of the products were analyzed.     

Bis[1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenium] hexadecachlorotetraantimony(III) ethanol solvate

In the title compound, [Fe(C₁₇H₁₄P)₂]₂[Sb₄Cl₁₆]·C₂H₆O, the Fe atoms lie on inversion centres and the pairs of cyclopentadienyl rings are consequently in a fully staggered conformation. The centrosymmetric anionic clusters formed by [Sb₄Cl₁₆]^4? are surrounded by the cations and are held together by weak C—H?Cl interactions. These formations stack along the a axis to form columns, and the columns are interconnected by another weak C—H?Cl interaction along the b axis.     

Synthesis and Properties of Mononuclear and Homobinuclear Chelates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with Phthalein Purple

Mono- and homobinuclear complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with phthalein purple are prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, thermal studies (TGA and DTA), spectral methods (IR, UV/Vis, and ESR), magnetic moment determination, and electrochemical reduction (DC polarography at DME and CV at HMDE). Thermal degradation of the complexes was studied by TGA and DTA where some thermodynamic parameters were determined. The mode of bonding and geometry of the complexes were determined from the spectral studies. Magnetic moment values showed some antiferromagnetism in the homobinuclear complexes. The reduction of the metal ions proceeds to the metallic state along an irreversible process.     

Adamantane-like cluster complexes of mixed-valent copper-copper and nickel-copper thiolates

Square-planar copper(II) and nickel(II) derivatives of the cis-dithiolate N(2)S(2) ligand bis(N,N'-2-mercapto-2-methylpropyl)-1,5-diazocyclooctane, (bme*daco)M, nucleate four Cu(I)Cl moieties, forming M(II)(2)Cu(I)(4)S(4) clusters with unusual triply bridging thiolates, mu(3)-SR, in the topological form of adamantane. As determined by X-ray crystallography, the (bme*daco)M (M = Cu or Ni) metallothiolate serves as a bidentate ligand that bridges four Cu(I) ions, utilizing all lone pairs on sulfurs. Further characterization by electrochemical and electronic spectral measurements suggests greater electron delocalization in the all-copper complex as compared to the NiCu heterometallic complex. Mass spectral data imply that the mixed-metal Ni(II)(2)Cu(I)(4)S(4) is more stable toward CuCl loss than Cu(II)(2)Cu(I)(4)S(4), a result that is corroborated by extraction of Cu(I) by 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane in the latter but not the former.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the photolytic CO-substitutions of cyclopentadienyl(dicarbonyl)iron thiocarboxylate complexes,Cp′Fe(CO)2SCOR (Cp′ = C5H5, ButC5H4,1,3-Bu2tC5H3; R = alkyl,aryl)

The kinetics of the photolytic CO-substitution of CpFe(CO)₂SCOR [Cp = C₅H₅, Bu ^t C₅H₄, 1,3-Bu₂ ^t C₅H₃; R = Me, Bu ^t , Ph, 2-(O₂N)C₆H₄, 3-(O₂N)C₆H₄, 4-(O₂N)C₆H₄, 3,5-(O₂N)₂C₆H₃] with PPh₃ were studied in CH₂Cl₂ at 0 °C by i.r. spectroscopy. The reactions yielded exclusively the mono-CO-substituted derivatives, CpFe-(CO)(PPh₃) SCOR, and were found to follow second order kinetics with first order dependence on the concentration of each reactant. The differences in rates are discussed in terms of current knowledge pertaining to such reactions. An associative mechanism is proposed to account for the kinetic data of the reactions described.     

Effect of an admixture on the electrical and thermal properties of triglycine sulphate crystals

The influence of chloroacetic acid amide (AC) on the temperature-dependence of the electrical conductivity (), thermal expansion (_ij) and specific heat ((C _p) of triglycine sulphate crystals was studied in the phase transition range (T _c=49°). The addition of isostructural AC increased the electrical conductivity, decreased the thermal expansion and changed theC _p peak. The mechanism is discussed on a thermodynamic basis.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Zumischung von Chloressigsäureamid (AC) auf die Temperaturabhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, der Wärmeausdehnung _ij und der spezifischen WärmeC _p von Triglycinsulfat-Kristallen wurde im Phasenübergangsgebiet (T _c=49 °C) untersucht. Die Beimischung von isostrukturellem AC erhöht die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und vermindert die Wärmeleitfähigkeit, während derC _p-Peak verändert wird. Der Mechanismus kann thermodynamisch diskutiert werden.

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(), () _ij) () , T _c=49°. , , , , C _p. .

     

Comparative studies on the adsorption and association of 3-methylxanthine and 7-methylxanthine at a charged interface

Summary A systematic comparative study of the adsorption and association of 3-methylxanthine (3MXan) and 7-methylxanthine (7MXan) at mercury-solution interfaces in acidic, neutral, and alkaline buffer solutions was undertaken by ac voltammetry. At bulk concentrations of3MXan above a threshold value, the stacking interactions between vertically oriented molecules lead to a slow reorientation aroundE _ecm, and the molecules adopt a perpendicular orientation. The association of the adsorbed molecules of7MXan is hindered and is not effective in promoting base-base stacking interactions. The enhanced surface activity of3MXan compared to7MXan results from the different position of the methyl group in the purine moiety. The effect of some divalent metal ions on adsorption stages and association of the investigated compounds has been studied. The results indicate that the complexation of methylated xanthine enhances the stacking interactions and hence would be expected to facilitate the formation of perpendicularly stacked layers ofM(II)-MXan complexes on the electrode surface. The adsorption parameters of the investigated compounds have been computed in absence and presence of Cu(II) at differentpH values. The results are compared with the behaviour of xanthine.

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Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Adsorption und Assoziation von 3-Methylxanthin und 7-Methylxanthin an einer geladenen Grenzfläche

Zusammenfassung Eine systematische vergleichende Untersuchung zur Adsorption und Assoziation von 3-Methylxanthin (3MXan) und 7-Methylxanthin (7MXan) an Quecksilber-Lösungs-Grenzflächen wurde mittels AC-Voltammetrie in sauren, neutralen und basischen Pufferlösungen durchgeführt. Oberhalb einer bestimmten Grenzkonzentration kommt es durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen vertikal angeordneten3MXan-Molekülen zu einer langsamen Reorientierung umE _ecm, was zu einer senkrechten Anordnung führt. Die Assoziation von7MXan ist gehindert und erlaubt daher keine ausgeprägten Basen-Basen-Wechselwirkungen. Die erhöhte Oberflächenaktivität von3MXan gegenüber7MXan resultiert aus der unterschiedlichen Stellung der Methylgruppe am Purinrest. Der Effekt einiger zweiwertiger Metallionen auf die Adsorption und Assoziation von3MXan und7MXan wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Begünstigung der Wechselwirkungen hin; die Bildung von vertikal angeordneten Grenzschichten an der Elektrodenoberfläche sollte daher im Fall vonM(II)-Mxan-Komplexen erleichtert sein. Die Adsorptionsparameter der untersuchten Verbindungen wurden in Abwesenheit und in Gegenwart von Cu(II) bei verschiedenenpH-Werten berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem Verhalten von Xanthin verglichen.

     

Bis­(ethyl­enedi­amine)copper(II) bis(O,O′‐diethyl di­thio­phosphate)

In the structure of the title compound, [Cu^II­(en)₂][(EtO)₂P(S)S]₂ (en is ethyl­ene­di­amine) or [Cu(C₂H₈N₂)₂](C₄H₁₀O₂PS₂)₂, the Cu atom lies on a center of inversion and is coordinated in a slightly distorted square coordination geometry by four N atoms from two ethyl­enedi­amine mol­ecules. The diethyl di­thio­phosphate moieties, (EtO)₂P(S)S^?, act as counter‐anions.     

Reactions with Carbo(heterylhydrazonoyl) Halides. I. Chemistry of Carbo(3-phenylpyrazol-5-yl-hydrazonoyl) Chlorides

The Carbo(3-phenylpyrazol-5-yl-hydrazonoyl) halides 1a , b react with active methylene compounds to yield the 1-(3-phenylpyrazol-5-yl)-pyrazole derivatives 2a – k (Scheme 1). The acyclic intermediates 3a , b could be isolated from reaction of 1a , b with acetylacetone, thus establishing the substitution mechanism for these reactions. Compounds 1a , b reacted with carbon disulfide, phenyl isothiocyanate, methyl cyanide, and with p-chlorobenzaldehyde to yield the corresponding heterocyclic derivatives 5 – 8 , respectively (Scheme 2). The behaviour of compounds 2 with hydrazine hydrate is reported.     

Probing the intrinsic electronic structure of the cubane [4Fe-4S] cluster: nature's favorite cluster for electron transfer and storage

The cubane [4Fe-4S] is the most common multinuclear metal center in nature for electron transfer and storage. Using electrospray, we produced a series of gaseous doubly charged cubane-type complexes, [Fe4S4L4]2- (L = -SC2H5, -SH, -Cl, -Br, -I) and the Se-analogues [Fe4Se4L4]2- (L = -SC2H5, -Cl), and probed their electronic structures with photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. The photoelectron spectral features are similar among all the seven species investigated, revealing a weak threshold feature due to the minority spins on the Fe centers and confirming the low-spin two-layer model for the [4Fe-4S](2+) core and its "inverted level scheme". The measured adiabatic detachment energies, which are sensitive to the terminal ligand substitution, provide the intrinsic oxidation potentials of the [Fe4S4L4]2- complexes. The calculations revealed a simple correlation between the electron donor property of the terminal thiolate as well as the bridging sulfide with the variation of the intrinsic redox potentials. Our data provide intrinsic electronic structure information of the [4Fe-4S] cluster and the molecular basis for understanding the protein and solvent effects on the redox properties of the [4Fe-4S] active sites.