Isolation of new quinidine metabolites and simultaneous determination of quinidine and its metabolites in blood and urine by direct injection HPLC analysis

Summary New quinidine metabolites, including 10,11-dihydrodiol quinidine N-oxide, 10,11-dihydrodiol quinidine and their glucuronides, were found in human urine. A quinidine monitoring HPLC method including these metabolites, is proposed by the direct injection of body fluid samples onto the precolumn for deproteinization followed by reverse phase separation in the analytical column with a column switching technique. The recovery of spiked quinidine and its metabolites in plasma was quantitative (98–102%) with good reproducibility (C.V.: 1.6–4.0%). Several clinical samples such as whole blood and urine were analyzed by the present method.     

Method of kinetic analysis of photodegradation: nifedipine in solutions

A rate equation for photodegradation was derived from Lambert-Beer's law and Grotthus-Draper's law: -dc/dt=k1(1-exp(-(k2c+k3(c0-c))))k2c/(k2c+k3(c0-c)) where c is the concentration of reactant, c0 is the initial concentration of reactant, t is time, k1 is the rate constant, and k2 and k3 are the absorption coefficient of reactant and its photodegradation product, respectively. In a case where the photodegradation products have no photoabsorption, k3 assumes the value of zero in the above general equation. In a case where the photodegradation products have the same spectrum and molar absorptivity as that of the reactant, k3 assumes the value of k2, and hence the photodegradation is not a first-order reaction; however, the equation itself gives the pseudo-first-order reaction rate equation. In a case where the concentration of reactant is high enough, the equation approaches a zero-order reaction rate equation. The photodegradation rate of nifedipine in solutions under a germicidal lamp, near an ultraviolet fluorescent lamp and a fluorescent lamp was analyzed using the above equation. The photodegradation rate was directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed, and fitted well with the equation. The above theoretical equation was substantiated by the photodegradation of nifedipine, and hence is expected to apply to other photosensitive drugs.     

A photochemical synthesis of 3-aryl-1-methylquinolinones

A number of fluorescent 3-aryl-1-methylquinolinones 3 were synthesized by the regiospecific photocoupling reaction of 3-halo-1-methylquinolinones 1 with aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds 2 . An unusual photocoupling product 4 was obtained in the photolysis of 3-iodo-1-methylquinolinone in the presence of benzene. The structure of 4 was unequivocally established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Stereoselective synthesis of procyanidin B3-3-O-gallate and 3,3″-di-O-gallate, and their abilities as antioxidant and DNA polymerase inhibitor

A simple method for the synthesis of procyanidin B3 substituted with a galloyl group at the 3 and 3″ position is described. Condensation of a benzylated catechin-3-O-gallate electrophile with a nucleophile, catechin and catechin-3-O-gallate, proceeded smoothly and stereoselectively to afford the corresponding dimer gallates, procyanidin B3-3-O-gallate and procyanidin B3-3,3″-di-O-gallate, in good yields. Further, their antioxidant activities on UV-induced lipid peroxide formation, DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of DNA polymerase were also investigated. Among three procyanidin B3 congeners (procyanidin B3, 3-O-gallate and 3,3″-di-O-gallate), the 3,3″-di-O-gallate derivative showed the strongest antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. Interestingly, the 3-O-gallate derivative was the strongest inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase with IC₅₀ value of 0.26 μM, although it showed the weakest antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. It became apparent that the presence of a galloyl group at the C-3 position in the proanthocyanidin oligomer was very important for biological activity, however, the antioxidant activity of these compounds was not parallel to the DNA polymerase inhibitory activity.     

Excited states of phosphorescent platinum(II) complexes containing N wedge C wedge N-coordinating tridentate ligands: spectroscopic investigations and time-dependent density functional theory calculations

The absorption and emission spectra of the Pt(II) complexes containing N wedge C wedge N-coordinating tridentate ligands, platinum(II) 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene chloride [Pt(dpb)Cl] and platinum(II) 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)toluene chloride [Pt(dpt)Cl], together with their corresponding free ligands, 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene (dpbH) and 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)toluene (dptH), have been analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) for the ground state and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) for the excited states. T(1)(A(1)) and S(1)(B(2)) of the complexes (in C(2)(v) symmetry) were assigned on the basis of the calculated excitation energies as well as comparison of the experimental spectroscopic properties and the calculated states' characteristics. The calculated excitation energies for T(1) and S(1) of the complexes as well as those for T(1) of the free ligands were in good agreement with their observed values within 600 cm(-1). The d-pi* characters of the excited states were evaluated from the change in electron densities between the ground and excited states by Mulliken population analysis; values of 25% for T(1) and 32% for S(1) were obtained for both complexes. The calculated values of d-pi* character were found to be consistent with the reported emission lifetimes as well as the observed emission energy shifts from the corresponding free ligands. Most spectroscopic properties of the complexes and the free ligands, which include solvatochromic shift, Stokes shifts, methyl substitution shifts, and emission spectra profiles, were well explained from the calculation results.     

Solid state photoreactions occurring at the interface between crystallites of two different organic compounds

This paper deals with the solid state bimolecular photoreactions occurring at the interface between crystallites of two different organic compounds prepared as a polycrystalline mixture by melting-resolidification. The photoreactions include the photoaddition of NH compounds to aromatic and olefinic double bonds, hydrogen abstraction, condensation reaction via photoelectron transfer and [2+2] photoaddition. Particular attention is focused on the characterization of the polycrystalline mixture, the selectivity of the photoreactions in the solid state compared with those in the solution phase and the factors controlling the photoreactions.     

Molecular modeling study of species-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist; possible mechanism(s) of human PPARalpha selectivity of an alpha-substituted phenylpropanoic acid derivative (KCL)

In order to investigate the reason why phenylpropanoic acid derivative (KCL), a potent, human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha-selective agonist, shows this selectivity, we analyzed the binding modes of KCL and a related compound to the ligand-binding domain of human PPARalpha and rat PPARalpha by means of computer-aided molecular modeling. We concluded that the characteristic specificity of KCL is due to a specific hydrophobic contact between the hydrophobic tail part (the 4-trifluoromethyl group) and the key amino acid Ile272 located on the helix three region of the human PPARalpha ligand binding domain. We propose a possible binding mode of KCL with the ligand-binding domain of human PPARalpha. This binding model should offer important insights for further structural design of subtype-selective PPARalpha agonists for the treatment of altered metabolic homeostasis, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes.     

Speciation of mercury in salmon egg cell cytoplasm in relation with metallomics research

Speciation of mercury in salmon egg cell cytoplasm was investigated by surfactant-mediated high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS), where an ODS (octadecylsilica) column coated with a bile acid derivative, CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate), was used for species separation. Prior to the speciation analysis, total Hg in the cell cytoplasm was determined by ICP-MS at m/z 202 in a flow injection mode. For the precise measurement, salmon egg cell cytoplasm was diluted five-fold with 0.1 M Tris (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane)-HNO₃ buffer solution, and the standard addition method was employed. Thus, the total concentration of Hg in cell cytoplasm was estimated to be 12.4 ng g⁻¹ on the wet weight basis. Next, the cell cytoplasm diluted five-fold with 0.1 M Tris-HNO₃ buffer solution was analyzed by surfactant-mediated HPLC with the dual detection system of a UV absorption detector and an ICP-MS instrument. Two peaks corresponding to some proteins and small molecules were mainly observed in those chromatograms. When salmon egg cell cytoplasm was diluted five-fold with 0.01 M Tris buffer solution or pure water, some precipitates appeared probably because of precipitation of hydrophobic proteins in cytoplasm. After the precipitates were eliminated with a membrane filter, the filtrate was subjected to the analysis by surfactant-mediated HPLC/UV/ICP-MS. As a result, the peaks for small molecular species of Hg were clearly observed at the retention time near 4.0 min (corresponding to low-molecular weight zone) in the chromatograms with UV absorption detection as well as with Hg- and S-specific ICP-MS detections. The small molecule bound with Hg was identified as cysteine through the cysteine-spiked experiment. In addition, the protein fraction on the chromatogram obtained by using the CHAPS-coated ODS column was further analyzed by SEC (size exclusion chromatography). Consequently, several protein peaks with molecular weight of 300, 50 and 12 kDa were observed in all the detections of UV absorption, Hg and Se, although two peaks among them were coincident in the case of S. These results indicate that Hg in salmon egg cell cytoplasm binds with proteins containing selenocysteine and/or cysteine residues in proteins.     

THE ROLE OF DIOXYGEN SPECIES IN THE BASE- AND COBALT-CATALYZED OXYGENATION OF HINDERED PHENOLS

Abstract— The mechanisms by which 4-substituted 2,6-di- t -butylphenols are oxygenated by base- and Co(II) Schiff base complex-catalysis into o - or p -peroxyquinols and their Co(III) complexes, respectively, have been investigated. For the base-catalyzed oxygenation, a one-step ionic mechanism involving no radical species is suggested to be the most probable one. For the formation of the peroxycobalt(III) complexes, the following stoichiometry is concluded: ArOH + Co(II) + 5/4 O₂→ peroxycobalt(III) complex + 1/2 H₂O. A mechanism involving an electron transfer between the phenols and the Co(II)-O₂ complex followed by further electron transfer between the formed phenoxy radicals and the Co(II) complex to give the corresponding phenolate anions is proposed.     

On the use of methyl substituted poly(vinylnaphthalene) as a reversible singlet oxygen carrier

Poly(1,4-dimethyl-6-vinylnaphthalene) and poly(1,2,4-trimethyl-6-vinylnaphthalene) react with singlet oxygen to give corresponding endoperoxide polymers which on warming generate singlet oxygen efficiently. Singlet oxygenations by the use of these polymers have been described.