Transformation optics, a recent geometrical design strategy of light manipulation with both ray trajectories and optical phase controlled simultaneously, promises an invisibility cloaking device that can render a macroscopic object invisible even to a scientific instrument measuring optical phase. Recent “carpet” cloaks have extended their cloaking capability to broadband frequency ranges and macroscopic scales, but they only demonstrated the recovery of ray trajectories after passing through the cloaks, while whether the optical phase would reveal their existence still remains unverified. In this paper, a phase‐preserved macroscopic visible‐light carpet cloak is demonstrated in a geometrical construction beyond two dimensions. As an extension of previous two‐dimensional (2D) macroscopic carpet cloaks, this almost‐three‐dimensional carpet cloak exhibits three‐dimensional (3D) invisibility for illumination near its center (i.e. with a limited field of view), and its ideal wide‐angle invisibility performance is preserved in multiple 2D planes intersecting in the 3D space. Optical path length is measured with a broadband pulsed‐laser interferometer, which provides unique experimental evidence on the geometrical nature of transformation optics.
Components of co-continuous phase can form an interpenetrating network structure, which has great potential to synergistically improve the mechanical properties of the blends, and to impart the functional blends superior electrical conductivity and permeability. In this work, the effects of shear rates (50–5000 s?1) at different temperatures on the phase morphology, phase size and lamellar crystallites of biodegradable co-continuous polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) blend are quantitatively investigated. The results show that the above features of the PBAT/PBS have a strong dependence on the shear flow and thermal field. The co-continuous phase of the blend is well maintained at 130 °C. Interestingly, this phase structure transforms into a “sea-island” structure at 160 °C, which gradually recovers to a co-continuous phase when the shear rate increases from 1000 s?1 to 5000 s?1. The phase size decreases with the increase of shear rate both at 130 °C and 160 °C due to the refinement and deformation of phase structures caused by strong shear stress. Unexpectedly, a unique phenomenon is observed that the shear-induced lamellar crystallites are oriented perpendicular to shear direction in the range of 500–5000 s?1 at 130 °C, while the orientation of lamellar crystallites at 160 °C is along the shear direction within the whole range of shear rates. The degree of orientation for the PBAT/PBS blend crystals increases first and then decreases at both temperatures above. In addition, the range of shear rate has reached the level in the industrial processing. Therefore, this work has important guiding significance for the regulation of the co-continuous phase structure and the performance for the blend in the practical processing.
Effective receptors for the separation of Li+ from a mixture with other alkali metal ions under mild conditions remains an important challenge that could benefit from new approaches. In this study, it is demonstrated that the 4-phosphoryl pyrazolones, H L 2-H L 4, in the presence of the typical industrial organophosphorus co-ligands tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO), tributylphosphate (TBP) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), are able to selectively recognise and extract lithium ions from aqueous solution. Structural investigations in solution as well as in the solid state reveal the existence of a series of multinuclear Li+ complexes that include dimers (TBPO, TBP) as well as rarely observed trimers (TOPO) and represent the first clear evidence for the synergistic role of the co-ligands in the extraction process. Our findings are supported by detailed NMR, MS and extraction studies. Liquid-liquid extraction in the presence of TOPO revealed an unprecedented high Li+ extraction efficiency (78 %) for H L 4 compared to the use of the industrially employed acylpyrazolone H L 1 (15 %) and benzoyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (52 %) extractants. In addition, a high selectivity for Li+ over Na+, K+ and Cs+ under mild conditions (pH ∼8.2) confirms that H L 2-H L 4 represent a new class of ligands that are very effective extractants for use in lithium separation. 相似文献
Thermoset plastics have become one of the most important chemical products in the world. The consequent problem is that although the thermosets possess excellent performance in mechanical strength, they cannot be reprocessed because of the internal permanent network structures. Optimizing the molecular design of thermosets is one of the most feasible ways to improve their recyclability. Here we present a facile and robust strategy to engineer the reprocessability of thermoset polyurethanes without compromising their mechanical toughness and chemical resistance via adding supramolecular additives during the polymer synthesis process. By using a multiple hydrogen bonding moiety as the model supramolecular additive, we demonstrate that the mechanical properties, recyclability, and chemical resistance of the crosslinked polyurethanes can be precisely controlled by adjusting the contents of the supramolecular additive. Systematic studies on the relations between molecular design and material properties are performed, and the optimized polyurethane network with a moderate amount of the supramolecular additive achieves the right balance between the robustness and recyclability. This work provides a cost-effective and practical way to chemically engineer thermoset plastics, aiming to enable the recycling of mechanically tough and chemically stable polymer materials. 相似文献
