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71.
Optimal pump wavelength in the4I 15/2-4I 13/2 absorption band for efficient Er3+-doped fiberamplifiers
Zyskind J.L. Giles C.R. Desurvire E. Simpson J.R. 《Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE》1989,1(12):428-430
The authors report the measured gain of a highly efficient erbium-doped fiber amplifier pumped at wavelengths between 1.46 and 1.51 μm. The optimal pump wavelength, λopt, was determined to be 1.475 μm. At this wavelength, the maximum gain coefficients for signals at 1.531 and 1.544 μm were 2.3 and 2.6 dB/mW, respectively. At λopt, high gains ranging from 32 dB at pump power P p=20 mW up to 40 dB at P p=80 mW were obtained. These modest pump powers are within the capabilities of currently available 1.48-μm diode lasers. The width about λopt for 3-dB gain variation exceeded 27 nm for P p=10 mW and 40 nm for P p >20 mW. With this weak dependence on pump wavelength, single-longitudinal-mode lasers do not have a significant advantage over practical Fabry-Perot multimode pump lasers 相似文献
72.
Kenneth Bober Robert H. Giles Jerry Waldman 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》1997,18(1):101-123
The microwave permittivity (ɛr) and permeability (μr) of composite materials are tailored by adding various loading agents to a host plastic and are subsequently modeled using
the Maxwell Garnett theory and second order polynomials. With the addition of manganese zinc ferrite, strontium ferrite, nickel
zinc ferrite, barium tetratitanate and graphite powders, materials with values of ɛ′, e″, μ′, μ″ as high as 22, 5, 2.5 and
1.7 have been obtained. Permittivity and permeability data are calculated at 2.0245 GHz from reflection and transmission measurements
performed in a 7 mm coaxial test line. The Maxwell Garnett (MG) theory successfully models ɛr if the filling factor is less than 0.30 and ratio |ɛ1| (host)/ |ɛ2| (powder) is greater than 0.04. As this ratio decreases, the MG theory is shown to be independent of ɛ2 and second order polynomials are used to effectively model the dielectric constant. Polynomials are also used for the ferrite
composites because it was determined that the MG theory was unable to model μr. This deficiency is attributed to the difference of domain structures that exist in powdered and sintered ferrites. 相似文献
73.
Giles C.R. Desurvire E. Talman J.R. Simpson J.R. Becker P.C. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》1989,7(4):651-656
The gain, saturation power, and noise of an erbium-doped single-mode traveling-wave fiber amplifier operating at a wavelength λ=1.53 μm are characterized. In continuous-wave (CW) measurements amplification at 2 Gbit/s was demonstrated with up to 17-dB gain for 1×10-9 bit error rate at 1.531 μm and a 3-dB full bandwidth of 14 nm. From the determination of the fiber-amplifier's output signal-to-noise ratio versus input signal power during data transmission, it was concluded that, with signal levels used here, signal-spontaneous beat noise limited the receiver sensitivity improvement. With the fiber amplifier acting as an optical preamplifier of the receiver, the best sensitivity was -30 dBm, obtained after installing a polarizer at the fiber amplifier output to reject half of the applied spontaneous emission power. This sensitivity was 6 dB better than without the fiber amplifier, proving that the fiber amplifier can be used as a preamplifier 相似文献
74.
Simultaneous wavelength-stabilization of 980-nm pump lasers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
High power 980-nm strained QW semiconductor lasers connected to the input ports of a 4×4-fused fiber star coupler are simultaneously wavelength-locked through reflection from a single narrow-band fiber grating connected to one output port. This configuration enables simple pump wavelength control, inhibits deleterious pump-laser interactions, and improves amplifier reliability through pump redundancy 相似文献
75.
We present two error estimation approaches for bounding or correcting the error in functional estimates such as lift or drag. Adjoint methods quantify the error in a particular output functional that results from residual errors in approximating the solution to the partial differential equation. Defect methods can be used to bound or reduce the error in the entire solution, with corresponding improvements to functional estimates. Both approaches rely on smooth solution reconstructions and may be used separately or in combination to obtain highly accurate solutions with asymptotically sharp error bounds. The adjoint theory is presented for both smooth and shocked problems; numerical experiments confirm fourth-order error estimates for a pressure integral of shocked quasi-1D Euler flow. By employing defect and adjoint methods together and accounting for errors in approximating the geometry, it is possible to obtain functional estimates that exceed the order of accuracy of the discretization process and the reconstruction approach. Superconvergent drag estimates are obtained for subsonic Euler flow over a lifting airfoil. 相似文献
76.
A program, written in BASIC, is described which allows data acquisition from a continuous flow analyzer. The program was developed for a readily available microcomputer, but should be easily modified for use on similar machines. Once the peak height has been measured, the concentration of the analyte is calculated by reference to a previously defined calibration. The program is designed to handle data from more than one channel, although there is a practical limit of 3–4 simultaneously active channels. The results of the separate assays are collated and printed as a group for each specimen, even when the analytical methods require different times for completion. 相似文献
77.
Csorna SE Mestayer MD Panvini RS Word GB Yi X Bean A Bobbink GJ Brock I Engler A Ferguson T Kraemer R Rippich C Sutton R Vogel H Bebek C Berkelman K Blucher E Cassel DG Copie T DeSalvo R DeWire JW Ehrlich R Galik RS Gilchriese MG Gittelman B Gray SW Halling AM Hartill DL Heltsley BK Holzner S Ito M Kandaswamy J Kowalewski R Kreinick DL Kubota Y Mistry NB Mueller J Nordberg E Ogg M Peterson D Perticone D Pisharody M Read K Riley D Silverman A Stein PC Stone S Sadoff AJ Avery P Besson D Bowcock T 《Physical review letters》1986,56(12):1222-1225
78.
Bebek C Berkelman K Blucher E Cassel DG Copie T DeSalvo R DeWire JW Ehrlich R Galik RS Gilchriese MG Gittelman B Gray SW Halling AM Hartill DL Heltsley BK Holzner S Ito M Kandaswamy J Kowalewski R Kreinick DL Kubota Y Mistry NB Mueller J Nordberg E Ogg M Peterson D Perticone D Pisharody M Read K Riley D Silverman A Stein PC Stone S Sadoff AJ Avery P Besson D Bowcock T Giles RT Hassard J Kinoshita K Pipkin FM Wilson R Haas P Hempstead M Jensen T Kagan H Kass R Behrends S Gentile T Guida JM 《Physical review letters》1986,56(18):1893-1896
79.
80.
Bean A Bobbink GJ Brock IC Engler A Ferguson T Kraemer RW Rippich C Vogel H Bebek C Berkelman K Blucher E Cassel DG Copie T DeSalvo R DeWire JW Ehrlich R Galik RS Gilchriese MG Gittelman B Gray SW Halling AM Hartill DL Heltsley BK Holzner S Ito M Kandaswamy J Kowalewski R Kreinick DL Kubota Y Mistry NB Mueller J Namjoshi R Nordberg E Ogg M Perticone D Peterson D Pisharody M Read K Riley D Silverman A Stone S Yi X Sadoff AJ Avery P Besson D Bowcock T Giles RT Hassard J Kinoshita K Pipkin FM 《Physical review letters》1987,58(3):183-186