Application of co-eluting structural analog internal standards for expanded linear dynamic range in liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry

Non-linear standard calibration curves occur frequently in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS), necessitating the use of non-linear regression curve fitting or a reduction in assay dynamic range. Non-linearity can be minimized by the use of stable isotope internal standards, if the cause of curve bending is ionization saturation. Unfortunately, stable isotope internal standards can be difficult or expensive to synthesize. Structural analog internal standards, if sufficiently close to analytes both in chemical structures and HPLC retention times, may mimic the effect of stable isotope internal standards. Tentative experimental evidence supporting this concept is presented in this paper.     

A Tail Measure With Variable Risk Tolerance: Application in Dynamic Portfolio Insurance Strategy

Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability - Risk measures for tail risk have an important application in the dynamic portfolio insurance strategies. We propose a new risk measure called...     

Voltage Decay of Li-Rich Layered Oxides: Mechanism,Modification Strategies,and Perspectives

Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) have been considered as the most promising cathode materials for achieving high energy density Li-ion batteries. However, they suffer from continuous voltage decay during cycling, which seriously shortens the lifespan of the battery in practical applications. This review comprehensively elaborates and summarizes the state-of-the-art of the research in this field. It is started from the proposed mechanism of voltage decay that refers to the phase transition, microscopic defects, and oxygen redox or release. Furthermore, several strategies to mitigate the voltage decay of LLOs from different scales, such as surface modification, elemental doping, regulation of components, control of defect, and morphology design are summarized. Finally, a systematic outlook on the real root of voltage decay is provided, and more importantly, a potential solution to voltage recovery from electrochemistry. Based on this progress, some effective strategies with multiple scales will be feasible to create the conditions for their commercialization in the future.     

Proximity-Induced Fully Ferromagnetic Order with Eightfold Magnetic Anisotropy in Heavy Transition Metal Oxide CaRuO3

Ferromagnetic materials with a strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) have attracted much attention in recent years because of their exotic properties and potential applications in energy-efficient spintronics. However, such materials are scarce in nature. Here, a proximity-induced paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition for the heavy transition metal oxide CaRuO₃ in (001)-(LaMnO₃/CaRuO₃) superlattices is reported. Anomalous Hall effect is observed in the temperature range up to 180 K. Maximal anomalous Hall conductivity and anomalous Hall angle are as large as ∼15 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and ∼0.93%, respectively, by one to two orders of magnitude larger than those of the typical 3d ferromagnetic oxides such as La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃. Density functional theory calculations indicate the existence of avoid band crossings in the electronic band structure of the ferromagnetic CRO layer, which enhances Berry curvature thus strong anomalous Hall effects. Further evidences from polarized neutron reflectometry show that the CaRuO₃ layers are in a fully ferromagnetic state (∼0.8 μ_B/Ru), in sharp contrast to the proximity-induced canted antiferromagnetic state in 5d oxides SrIrO₃ and CaIrO₃ (∼0.1 μ_B/Ir). More than that, the magnetic anisotropy of the (001)-(LaMnO₃/CaRuO₃) superlattices is eightfold symmetric, showing potential applications in the technology of multistate data storage.     

Exact solutions for Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction-diffusion system

Abstract. We consider the following simplified model for the Belousou-Zhabotinskii(B-Z)reaction:     

The occupation time of Brownian motion in a ball

LetW be a Wiener process of dimensiond3, starting from 0, and letX(t) be the total time spent byW in the ball centered at 0 with radiust. We give an affirmative answer to a conjecture of Taylor and Tricot⁽¹⁶⁾ on the tail distribution ofX(t). Lévy's lower functions ofX(t) are characterized by an integral test.