The photolysis of virgin PVC powder suspended in water, methanol, n-hexane, aqueous NH4OH (30 wt-%), and 0.1 wt-% iodine in methanol and also as dry powder was studied. The mechanism of photolysis of PVC powder has been investigated by using ESR spectroscopy, conductivity titration, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), and absorption spectroscopy. Photolysis of PVC has been found to occur by a free-radical mechanism. ESR spectroscopy permits a partial identification of several different types of free radicals in PVC such as alkyl, polyenyl, and peroxy radicals. An interpretation is proposed of the mechanism of formation of conjugated polyene structures, and also a new explanation of the crosslinking mechanism, in which transfer of unpaired electrons to double bonds occurs, is suggested. It has also been found that conjugated double bonds can photosensitize free-radical formation as a result of increased ultraviolet absorption due to polyene structures. 相似文献
A nonsolvent preparation of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) complex provides new insight into the nature of the polymer-iodine interaction. The preparation is obtained by simply mixing PVP with crystalline iodine and is of interest because it provides a system in which no interfering ions are present and only one type of iodine is initially present. The iodine is shown to undergo hydrolysis with moisture in the polymer to give iodide and hypoiodite. The ionic forms of iodine appear to associate with the molecular iodine, resulting in the final stable PVP-iodine complex. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung 2-Phenyl-5-methoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-carbonsäure und 2-Phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-benzo[b]thiophen-3-carbonsäure wurden durch Ringschlußreaktionen hergestellt und in eine Reihe von Säureamiden und basisch substituierten Estern übergeführt.
New derivatives of 2-Phenyl-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acid
2-Phenyl-5-methoxy-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acid and 2-phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acid, prepared by ring closure reactions, were used for the synthesis of amides and of basically substituted esters.
Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Rechenprogramm zur Ermittlung der Konstanten der Dampfdruckgleichung nachvan Laar beschrieben. Als Ausgleichsbedingung kann sowohl die kleinste Summe der Quadrate der absoluten, wie auch der relativen Fehler benützt werden. Das Programm wurde in FORTRAN IV für die UNIVAC-490 des Rechenzentrums Graz erstellt
Determination and verification by calculation of thermodynamic data from experimentally obtained values, XII: A computer program for the calculation of vapor pressure parameters
A computer program for the calculation of the parameters of thevan Laar vapor-pressure equation is presented. A least square approach of the absolute or of the relative deviations can be used.
Zusammenfassung Zum selektiven Nachweis von Arylsulfinsäuren eignet sich die Abspaltung von Schwefeldioxyd bei der Einwirkung von Quecksilber(II)-chlorid sowie die Umsetzung mit o-Dinitrobenzol, wobei salpetrige Säure gebildet wird. Beide Reaktionsprodukte sind mit Hilfe von Tüpfelreaktionen feststellbar. Es werden mikroanalytische Erfassungsgrenzen erreicht.
Summary The arylsulfinic acids can be selectively detected through the splitting out of sulfur dioxide under the action of mercury(II) chloride, and also through reaction with o-dinitrobenzene, which results in the formation of nitrous acid. Both of these reaction products can be detected by spot reactions.
Résumé Pour rechercher sélectivement les acides arylsulfiniques, on utilise la séparation de l'anhydride sulfureux par action du chlorure de mercure-II ainsi que la transformation par l'o-dinitrobenzène, ce qui engendre de l'acidenitrique. On caractérise les deux produits de réaction par analyse à la touche.
Doklady Mathematics - A high-accuracy economical iterative method is proposed for calculating the potential and the strength of the electric field in a three-dimensional inhomogeneous spatially... 相似文献
Doklady Mathematics - The problem of controlling oscillations near the equilibrium position of a scleronomic mechanical system with several degrees of freedom is solved. One degree of freedom is... 相似文献
Iterative substructuring Domain Decomposition (DD) methods have been extensively studied, and they are usually associated with nonoverlapping decompositions. It is less known that classical overlapping DD methods can also be formulated in substructured form, i.e., as iterative methods acting on variables defined exclusively on the interfaces of the overlapping domain decomposition. We call such formulations substructured domain decomposition methods. We introduce here a substructured version of Restricted Additive Schwarz (RAS) which we call SRAS. We show that RAS and SRAS are equivalent when used as iterative solvers, as they produce the same iterates, while they are substantially different when used as preconditioners for GMRES. We link the volume and substructured Krylov spaces and show that the iterates are different by deriving the least squares problems solved at each GMRES iteration. When used as iterative solvers, SRAS presents computational advantages over RAS, as it avoids computations with matrices and vectors at the volume level. When used as preconditioners, SRAS has the further advantage of allowing GMRES to store smaller vectors and perform orthogonalization in a lower dimensional space. We then consider nonlinear problems, and we introduce SRASPEN (Substructured Restricted Additive Schwarz Preconditioned Exact Newton), where SRAS is used as a preconditioner for Newton’s method. In contrast to the linear case, we prove that Newton’s method applied to the preconditioned volume and substructured formulation produces the same iterates in the nonlinear case. Next, we introduce two-level versions of nonlinear SRAS and SRASPEN. Finally, we validate our theoretical results with numerical experiments.
