Jacobi Elliptic Function Solutions and Traveling Wave Solutions of the (2 + 1)-Dimensional Gardner-KP Equation

The fully integrable KP equation is one of the models that describes the evolution of nonlinear waves, the expansion of the well-known KdV equation, where the impacts of surface tension and viscosity are negligible. This paper uses the Modified Extended Direct Algebraic (MEDA) method to build fresh exact, periodic, trigonometric, hyperbolic, rational, triangular and soliton alternatives for the (2 + 1)-dimensional Gardner KP equation. These solutions that we discover in this article will help us understand the phenomena of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Gardner KP equation. Comparing the study in this paper and existing work, we find more exact solutions with soliton and periodic structures and the rational function solution in this paper is more general than the rational solution in existing literature. Most of the Jacobi elliptic function solutions and the mixed Jacobi elliptic function solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional Gardner KP equation discovered in this paper, to the best of our highest understanding are not seen in any existing paper until now.     

The laser sensitized reaction SF26 + NO + O3

A pulsed CO₂ laser was used to irradiate a rapidly flowing mixture of NO, O₃, and SF₆. When the laser was tuned to an SF₆ absorption line, an increase in the visible NO^*₂ emission was observed. The laser-induced signal has two unusual features. First, the rise time is much longer than is observed when O₃ is excited directly, and, second, the signal decays to a value above the original baseline. The rise rate is attributed to VV energy transfer from SF²₆ to O₃, while the baseline shift is attributed to a temperature jump resulting from rapid non-resonant VV relaxation within the SF₆ molecule. Both the size of the T-jump and the fraction of vibrationally excited ozone molecules vary inversely with NO pressure.     

Specific Features of XGM in QD-SOA

The peculiarities of a cross-gain modulation (XGM) in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD SOAs) related to the inhomogeneous broadening are theoretically studied. We have solved numerically the electron rate equations for the QD SOA model including an excited state, a ground state and a continuum wetting layer (WL), and the propagation equations for the pump and the signal lightwaves. It is shown that XGM in QD SOA is possible for a comparatively large detuning close to the inhomogeneous broadening because in such a case QDs with substantially different resonant frequencies interact directly through WL.     

In-Flight Absolute Radiometric Calibration of the Thematic Mapper

Ground spectral reflectance and atmospheric spectral optical depth measurements made at White Sands, New Mexico on January 3, 1983, were used with an atmospheric radiative transfer program to determine the spectral radiance at the entrance pupil of the Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM). A comparison with the output digital counts of the TM, when imaging the measured ground area, provided an absolute calibration for five detectors in TM bands 2, 3, and 4. By reference to an adjacent, larger uniform area, the calibration was extended to all 16 detectors in each of the three bands. Pre-flight calibration results agreed with these inflight measurements to 6.6, 2.4, and 12.9 percent in bands 2, 3, and 4, respectively.     

Dominant strategies, superior information, and winner's curse in second-price auctions

In a general model of common-value second-price auctions with differential information, we show equivalence between the following characteristics of a bidder: (i) having a dominant strategy; (ii) possessing superior information; (iii) being immune from winner's curse. When a dominant strategy exists, it is given by the conditional expectation of the common value with respect to bidder's information field; if the dominant strategy is used, other bidders cannot make a profit. Final version November 2001     

Further development of Raman Microprobe spectroscopy for characterization of char reactivity

The effect of heat treatment on reactivity of cellulose char was investigated, using two methods: (1) Raman Microprobe spectroscopy analysis (RMA) and (2) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The heat-treatment was in the temperature range of 600–2600 °C, temperature prevailing in combustion of coal-chars. In the RMA, first- and second-order Raman spectra in the range of 800–2000 and 2000–3600 cm⁻¹, respectively, were measured for all samples. In the first-order Raman spectra, the following bands have been observed: D band and G (at 1350 and 1590 cm⁻¹ respectively), 1150 and 1450 cm⁻¹. In the second-order Raman spectra, four bands have been observed at 2450, 2700, 2940 and 3250 cm⁻¹. Both first- and second-order Raman spectra were fitted by Lorentzian functions. The Lorentzian parameters (bandwidth and intensity ratio) showed significant changes with heat treatment, which is consistent with structural modification. Also, from TGA experiments we observed the expected significant influence of heat treatment on char reactivity. Attempts were made to correlate the Lorentzian parameters with char reactivity. A good correlation was found between the 2940 cm⁻¹ bandwidth in the second-order Raman spectrum and char reactivity, confirming the strong connection between char structure and its reactivity, and illustrating the usefulness of RMA in such studies.     

The pumping efficiency of copper halide lasers

A simple relation between the copper halide laser output and the densities of ground state (²S) and metastable state (²D) copper atoms was found. This relation was used to analyze the experimental results of Nerheim. In all the analyzed systems it was found that about four percent of the ground state copper atoms take part in the lasing process. This may have implications for the efficiency of copper halide lasers.     

Liquid superheat during nonequilibrium boiling

Heat and mass transfer processes in a pure liquid subject to intense heating is investigated. The temperature escalation rate in a heated pure liquid is controlled by two competing processes; the external power deposition and the rate of nuclei formation and growth in the liquid, which acts as a heat sink. A heat balance equation is developed and solved numerically to yield the liquid temperature curve and the evaporation rate up to the maximum attainable superheat point. The effect of heating rate on the liquid temperature curve is quantified.     

SYNTHESIS,REACTIVITY AND CONFORMATION OF 10,11-DIHYDRODIBENZO-[b,f]PHOSPHEPIN AND DIBENZO[b,f]PHOSPHEPIN DERIVATIVES. PHOSPHORUS ANALOGUES OF IMINOBIBENZYL ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Abstract

Derivatives of the novel dibenzo[b,f]phosphepin system are prepared from 10,11-dihydro-5-phenyl-5H-bibenzo[b,f]phosphepin 5-oxide (2). New members in the 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]phosphepin series, including phosphorus analogues (7, 10) of the andidepressant drug imipramine (30), are also reported. Products of nucleophilic substitution at tetrahedral phosphorus in 2 appear to be determined by the relative apicophilicity of the nucleophile. Conformational analysis based on ¹H NMR data suggests folded (“butterfly”) conformation for the tricyclic compounds. The twisted boat conformation of the central ring in the 10,11-dihydro compounds bears a pseudo-equatorial P[dbnd]O oxygen or a P[dbnd]S sulfur, in solution. Symmetric AA‘BB’ spin systems are found in 4,5 and 7, and their solution conformations appear to be similar to those of analogous 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine derivatives. The interaction of some compounds with NMR shift reagents and their mass spectral fragmentations are discussed.     

Gate-voltage control of oxygen diffusion on graphene

We analyze the diffusion of oxygen atoms on graphene and its dependence on the carrier density controlled by a gate voltage. We use density functional theory to determine the equilibrium adsorption sites, the transition state, and the attempt frequency for different carrier densities. The ease of diffusion is strongly dependent on carrier density. For neutral graphene, we calculate a barrier of 0.73 eV; however, upon electron doping the barrier decreases almost linearly to reach values as low as 0.15 eV for densities of -7.6×10(13) cm(-2). This implies an increase of more than 9 orders of magnitude in the diffusion coefficient at room temperature. This dramatic change is due to a combined effect of bonding reduction in the equilibrium state and bonding increase at the transition state and can be used to control the patterning of oxidized regions by an adequate variation of the gate voltage.