Hierarchical structure of SERS substrates possessing the silver ring morphology

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Sparse Multicategory Generalized Distance Weighted Discrimination in Ultra-High Dimensions

Distance weighted discrimination (DWD) is an appealing classification method that is capable of overcoming data piling problems in high-dimensional settings. Especially when various sparsity structures are assumed in these settings, variable selection in multicategory classification poses great challenges. In this paper, we propose a multicategory generalized DWD (MgDWD) method that maintains intrinsic variable group structures during selection using a sparse group lasso penalty. Theoretically, we derive minimizer uniqueness for the penalized MgDWD loss function and consistency properties for the proposed classifier. We further develop an efficient algorithm based on the proximal operator to solve the optimization problem. The performance of MgDWD is evaluated using finite sample simulations and miRNA data from an HIV study.     

PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING AMINOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS. COMMUNICATION IV.1 A CONVENIENT METHOD OF PHOSPHONIC ACIDS SYNTHESIS

Abstract

The communication is concerned with the synthesis of phosphonic aminocarboxylic acids by phosphorylation of diethyl ω-halogen alkyl acetamidomalonates with tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite, followed by alcoholysis and acid hydrolysis of the resulting intermediate esters.     

Solvent-free deposition of hybrid halide perovskites onto thin films of copper iodide p-type conductor

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A Far-Infrared Study of the Structures of Tris(Methyl Methyl Phosphonate) Iron(III), Tris(EthylEthylphosphonate) Iron(III), and Tris(IsopropylMethylphosphonate) Iron(III)

In articles by Kokalas et al.^1,2 studies were made of the interaction of FeCl₃ with diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) and structures were proposed for the reaction products. When the reactions are run under much milder conditions, there is much evidence^3–5 to support a different mechanism than that proposed by Kokalas and an altogether different structure of the complexes formed. In the structures proposed by Kokalas et al. the iron atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms and these are the only bonding atoms to the iron. But on the other hand, in donor-acceptor complexes as are formed in chemisorption reactions,^3–5 some of these sites are filled by chloride ions and this difference should be ascertained quite easily by far-infrared spectroscopy. It was the purpose of this study to look at the far-infrared data and either further substantiate the structures proposed or to propose new ones.     

Stigmergy in comparative settlement choice and palaeoenvironment simulation

Decisions on settlement location in the face of climate change and coastal inundation may have resulted in success, survival or even catastrophic failure for early settlers in many parts of the world. In this study, we investigate various questions related to how individuals respond to a palaeoenvironmental simulation, on an interactive tabletop device where participants have the opportunity to build a settlement on a coastal landscape, balancing safety, and access to resources, including sea and terrestrial foodstuffs, while taking into consideration the threat of rising sea levels. The results of the study were analyzed to consider whether decisions on settlement were predicated to be near to locations where previous structures were located, stigmergically, and whether later settler choice would fare better, and score higher, as time progressed. The proximity of settlements was investigated and the reasons for clustering were considered. The interactive simulation was exhibited to thousands of visitors at the 2012 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition at the “Europe's Lost World” exhibit. 347 participants contributed to the simulation, providing a sufficiently large sample of data for analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 59–73, 2016     

Rotaxane‐Like Structures Threaded through the Pores of Hollow Porous Nanocapusles

Nanocapsules with molecules threaded through the porous shells may lead to advanced cell‐mimicking functional devices. Herein, we show the feasibility of synthesizing such hybrid nanostructures by using vesicle‐templated polymer nanocapsules with controlled nanopores. Ship‐in‐a‐bottle assembly inside a nanocapsule created an internal unit. An external unit was then connected to an entrapped internal unit through pre‐attached linker threaded through a nanopore in the shell of the nanocapsule. Both internal and external units are larger than the pore size and cannot cross the shell, producing a rotaxane‐like structure. Successful synthesis was achieved with fairly short linkers (six and ten carbon atoms in a chain), creating an opportunity for facile synthesis of functional devices capable of cross‐shell communication.     

How Fear of Future Outcomes Affects Social Dynamics

Journal of Statistical Physics - Mutualistic relationships among the different species are ubiquitous in nature. To prevent mutualism from slipping into antagonism, a host often invokes a...